The immune system and human Papillomavirus: Insights into their complex interplay—Article review

Mohammed, Maryam Qasim; Salman, Maha H.; Al-Saedi, Mohanad K.  Aneed

doi:10.21608/mid.2025.373337.2674

The immune system and human Papillomavirus: Insights into their complex interplay—Article review

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

¹ Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

² Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq

³ Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq

10.21608/mid.2025.373337.2674

Abstract

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted virus strongly linked to cervical and other cancers. The immune system plays a key role in controlling HPV infection, yet the virus has evolved mechanisms to evade immune detection. Understanding these interactions is essential for improving prevention and treatment strategies. This review aimed to elucidate the complex interplay between HPV and the host immune system via the production of both benign and malignant skin lesions. Although the immune system is often capable of clearing HPV infections, a proportion of individuals develop persistent or recurrent infections, which significantly increases the risk of progression to malignancy. The core objective of this study was to analyze the immunological mechanisms involved in the host response to HPV and to identify the key factors that modulate this response. These factors include viral genetic variability for example the E6 and E7 oncoproteins responsible for cellular transformation, host immune competence, and individual immunogenetic profiles. Additionally, this review examined the impact of immunosuppression—whether due to underlying disease or therapeutic interventions—on susceptibility to HPV infection and persistence. Environmental influences on immune function were also discussed in the context of HPV pathogenesis. Collectively, the evidence highlights the pivotal role of the immune system in determining infection outcomes and suggests that a more profound understanding of host-virus interactions could inform the development of targeted immunotherapeutic and preventive strategies. This comprehensive synthesis provides a conceptual framework for future research aimed at optimizing immune-based approaches (Prophylactic Vaccines) to control HPV-associated diseases.

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