Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Continuous medical education activities; Case No. 6. Train to apply principles of prudent antimicrobial use39039118417510.21608/mid.2021.184175ENRehab `El-SokkaryMedical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.0000-0002-8135-7671Journal Article20210605Antimicrobial stewardship entails every provider selects “The right antibiotic, for the right indication (right diagnosis), the right patient, at the right time, with the right dose and route, causing the least harm to the patient and future patients.” If followed strictly, these principles ensure that providers only prescribe antibiotics for non-self-limiting bacterial infections. Depending on the clinical setting antimicrobial stewardship programs will target their goals and outcomes based on available resources and opportunities. Those goals fall under the following categories: 1) Improve patient care and outcomes. 2) Reduce collateral damage and 3) Impact costs. We will present two cases to discuss how to apply principles of prudent antimicrobial prescribing. Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801A case report of clinical outcome of a COVID-19 patient presented by acute ischemic stroke39239912714210.21608/mid.2020.49170.1086ENDR MD REAZ UDDINCHOWDHURYAbdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali, Bangladesh0000-0003-2735-627XSahedulBhuiyanBrahmanbaria Medical College, Brahmanbaria, BangladeshBIMAL CHANDRADASAbdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali, BangladeshAshim KumarSahaAbdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali, BangladeshSohelRahmanInstitute of Epidemiology Disease Control And Research, Dhaka, BangladeshMD. NazmulHaqNational Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka, BangladeshJournal Article20201018Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) is a multisystem disease with many unusual presentation reported worldwide. Though it mostly involves the respiratory systems, it has also potential to invade neurological system. It can spread from respiratory systems to the central nervous system. Here we report a case of 70 years old female who was diagnosed as COVID-19 case by molecular diagnosis and admitted with the features of acute ischemic stroke and later developed severe pneumonia also. The lady has radiological evidence of acute ischemic stroke and severe pneumonia as well as elevated D-dimer, lymphopenia, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high C reactive protein (CRP) and serum ferritin. She was managed symptomatically for both pneumonia and acute stroke. Our case emphasizes that cerebrovascular disease in COVID-19 may simultaneously develop, increased c reactive protein, serum ferritin and D-dimer may contribute to the hypercoagulability and in the formation of acute ischemia. Elderly patients with co-morbidities like hypertension, diabetes, vascular disease, dyslipidaemia may contribute to acute stroke in addition to coronavirus disease pathologyZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801'Micro-terrorism': COVID-19 Makes the Horrible Face of Microbiology40040215725510.21608/mid.2021.59271.1112ENHatemMohamedNajran University,
College of Medicine, Najran, Saudi ArabiaMohammedHuneifDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi ArabiaAwad MohamedAhmedProfessor of Internal Medicine, Najran University, Saudi ArabiaJournal Article20210122<span lang="EN-GB">Micro-terrorism! We coin this term to show the horrible face of microbiology in a way similar to the current widespread terrorism throughout the world. Throughout the ages, tiny organisms were the immediate cause of devastating epidemics that killed hundreds of millions of the inhabitants of the planet. Corona virus disease -19 (COVID-19) is a prominent milestone in the history of microbiology. Historically, microbiology witnessed prominent milestones from the discoveries of Antoni Philips van Leeuwenhoek and Louis Pasteur, to the development of antibiotics in the first half of the twentieth century. Nowadays we live a new milestone in microbiology history. From the public point of view, it is really astonishing that a tiny unseen organism could produce such a huge transition in the history of the world. Extra jeopardy is that the COVID-19 patient put his contacts at work and household members at a real risk of rapidly transmitting the disease all over the world.</span>Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Pakistan: An Analysis of Challenges and Mitigations40340617602510.21608/mid.2021.77185.1159ENNaveedAkhtarDepartment of Zoology, Government Graduate College Pattoki (Kasur), Punjab, Pakistan.0000-0002-5305-7487FaheemNawazDepartment of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan0000-0002-5585-4965MuhammadIdnanDepartment of Zoology, University of the Central Punjab, Lahore, PakistanSaraHayeeDepartment of Zoology, Government Graduate College for Woman, Samanabad, Lahore, Pakistan.Journal Article20210423Vaccination hesitancy is strong and widespread in many parts of the world, especially in low and middle-income countries. At the time of current Covid-19 pandemic, vaccination is crucial to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2.So, beside development and access of the vaccine, it is necessary to make the general public ready to get vaccinated. Due to various conspiracy theories circulating on social media, the mass proportion may show Covid-19 vaccination hesitancy in Pakistan.This study recommends that health care authorities should take necessary steps to stop the penetration of these false claims about the Covid-19 vaccination campaign in Pakistan. It also recommends strategies to combat Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy through electronic media, strict measures from healthcare authorities, and engaging local communities. Religious and cultural barriers should be strongly addressed to vaccination in people of different ethnic groups. Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Rationale in prevention and evidence of SARS Co-V2 transmission40741417119610.21608/mid.2021.75635.1152ENHumbertoGuanche GarcellHospital Epidemiology Department, Hospital Docente Clínico Quiúrgico, Joaquín Albarrán, La Habana, Cuba.0000-0001-7279-0062Reinaldo BarbanAriasHospital Giraldo Aponte Fonseca, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba0000-0002-7704-8462AriandaVillanueva AriasHospital Amalia Simoni, Camaguey, Cuba0000-0002-2535-0627Journal Article20210408<strong>Background:</strong> The rationale of transmission prevention is related to transmission mechanisms, and evidence from observations has shown an improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE). <strong>Objective:</strong> We aim to describe the evidence on the transmission mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) and related prevention practices. <strong>Method:</strong> Review of the published literature on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed databases. <strong>Results:</strong> Transmission of respiratory viruses, including SARS CoV-2, could be by aerosols, droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. Evidence suggests that the primary route of transmission of these viruses is by droplet and short distance. Scientific evidence in relation to the transmission of COVID-19 assigns the highest risk to the aerosol-generating procedures and by droplets in closed environments with poor ventilation, and the lowest risk of transmission by direct contact with contaminated surfaces. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Prevention practices must be in correspondence with the evidence about the transmission of COVID-19, which will facilitate the rational use of available resources.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Potential chemical compounds can inhibit SARS CoV-2 replication and open the way for the production of anti-SARS CoV-2 therapy.41542218087510.21608/mid.2021.77910.1161ENAli MohammadKarkourMicrobiology Department, Faculty of science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.Journal Article20210527The genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) has an untranslated region (UTR) that enhances the replication and transcription of RNA, and subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) which encodes the 4 structural proteins that are essential for viral replication. The host cell of SARS CoV-2 expresses an important enzyme called TMPRSS2 protease that allows the virus to invade the cell. Peptide conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) and Benzylesulfonyl-d-arginine- proline-4-amidinobenzylamide (BAPA) chemicals have inhibited the expression of the TMPRSS2 in the influenza host cell. Peptide conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers also inhibited the UTR of the influenza genome, sgRNA of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and other locations in other respiratory viruses. The combination of these chemicals can inhibit the UTR and sgRNA of SARS CoV-2 and prevent the expression of the TMPRSS2 in the SARS CoV-2 host cell to stop SARS CoV-2 replication, which may help the production of a drug against SARS CoV-2 virus.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Comparative analysis of the unregulated sale of antimicrobial prescription medication by drug retailers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Abuja, Nigeria42343216812010.21608/mid.2021.71677.1142ENRasheed OsuolaleMakanjuolaDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Lombardy, Italy. Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria0000-0002-1908-3438Adebayo AjibolaBelloFaculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NigeriaFawziyyahSadiqDepartment of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nile University, Abuja, NigeriaDavidIshalekuDepartment of Mathematics, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, NigeriaKehinde HenryOduwoleDepartment of Mathematics, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, NigeriaAndrewTaylor-RobinsonSchool of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia. College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia.0000-0001-7342-8348Journal Article20210309<strong>Background:</strong> The sustained high-level unregulated sale of prescription medicines in developing countries is recognized as a significant factor in the development of drug resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. Apart from the millions of deaths annually that are attributed directly to antimicrobial resistance to commonly prescribed medicines this major global public health problem hinders achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals by its target of 2030. This study compared the extent of the sale of non-prescribed antimalarial medication and of antibiotics before and during the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic in each of the six local government areas within the Federal Capital Territory-Abuja, Nigeria. <strong>Methods:</strong> A structured questionnaire was designed to determine the percentage sales of both antimalarials and antibiotics, without diagnosis or prescription from qualified medical practitioners, over six-month periods between January to June of 2019 and 2020. <strong>Results:</strong> The data showed that all of the 130 community pharmacies and registered chemist stores where questionnaires were completed engaged in non-prescribed sales of both sets of medicine. Moreover, approximately three-quarters of drug retailers recorded increased patronage in the purchase of both classes of antimicrobial during the 2020 survey period that coincided with the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic.Over successive years this saw an overall rise in over-the-counter sales of antimalarials and antibiotics (each <em>p < /em> < 0.01). Yet, only Abuja Municipal Area Council and Bwari (<em>p < /em>p < /em> <0.001, respectively) recorded significant increases in indiscriminate sales of each medicine. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>In line with the high frequency of self-medication, this report points to the threat of possible emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial and <em>Plasmodium </em>spp. in the Abuja region. These findings highlight the imperative requirement for public health policymakers to implement effective strategies to curb the extensive unregulated sale of prescription drugs in the nation’s capital city and likely elsewhere in Nigeria.</em></em>Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID-19 among healthcare workers in National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh43343916387310.21608/mid.2021.68809.1134ENArifaAkramDepartment of virology, National Institute of laboratory medicine and referral center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.0000-0001-8829-9817Md Maruf AhmedMollaDepartment of Virology, National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.MahmudaYeasminDepartment of Virology, National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.TasnimNafisaDepartment of Virology, National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.Md Bayzid BinMonirRMO, National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh0000-0001-8917-9585JahurulIslamMedical technologist, National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Dhaka, BangladeshAbuMamunAssistant Director, National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral
Center, Dhaka, BangladeshAKMShamsuzzamanDirector & Professor of Microbiology, National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Center, Dhaka, BangladeshShahinMahmudMedical Officer, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, BangladeshJournal Article20210302<strong>Background:</strong> The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on the 11<sup>th</sup> of March 2020. Since then, many efforts are being carried out to contain the virus. Knowledge and attitude of people should be directed towards strict preventive practices in order to halt the spread of the virus. The aim of the current cross-sectional study is to assess the knowledge, practice and attitude of healthcare workers (HCWs) of National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh using a structured questionnaire. <strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study among 139 healthcare persons was performed between April 2020 and May 2020 at National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Centre. A systematic random sampling strategy was carried out and the data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire of the knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare workers regarding COVID-19. <strong>Results: </strong>About 87.2% of eligible subjects completed and returned the questionnaire had a mean age of (30.1±6.1) years, most of them were male (75.53%), the highest percentage of HCWs were medical technologists (53.23%) and the majority of them had less than 5 years’ experience (45.3%). A total of 96.4 % of the respondents were aware of coughing and sneezing etiquette, 93.52% followed hand washing steps but only 70% knew the duration of the hand hygiene procedure, while 89.92% uses face mask when go outside. The main sources of COVID-19 information were social media and the CDC/WHO website (38% and 23%, respectively). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The majority of HCWs had good knowledge and positive attitude toward COVID-19. However, the level of some knowledge and attitude lower than that expected for their position level towards the virus. So, there is a need for awareness campaigns to improve their knowledge, in some aspects.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Hepatitis B virus serological profile and associated risk factors in surface antigen negative blood donors in Nigeria44045010063410.21608/mid.2020.33141.1025ENAHANEKUOSUJIDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital Gwagwalada, Abuja, pmb 228 Abuja, Nigeria0000-0002-8124-3674Nneka ReginaAgbakobaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Campus, Anambra State, NigeriaMartin OsitaodinmaIfeanyichukwuDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Campus, Anambra State, NigeriaIdris NasirAbdullahiDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.0000-0002-5511-1272Chinyere CharityEzeanya-BapkaDepartment of Microbiology, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria0000-0002-7844-7414Georgina ChinenyeDuruDepartment of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital Gwagwalada, Abuja, NigeriaJournal Article20200518<strong>Background</strong>:<em> </em>This cross-sectional study investigated the serological profile, socio-demographic characters and risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among HBsAg-negative blood donors at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital (UATH) Gwagwalada and Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi, Nigeria.<strong>Methods:</strong><em> </em>Blood samples collected from 176 HBsAg-negative blood donors (96 from UATH and 80 from NAUTH) were screened using a commercially available HBV 5-Panel (CTK Biotech, USA) and anti-HBc IgM ELISA kits. Determination of HBV-DNA was done on 36 HBV positive and 100 negative samples using COBAS Roche Real-time qPCR. Structured questionnaires were used to collate subjects’ socio-demographic variables and risk factors of HBV infection.<em> </em><strong>Results</strong>:<em> </em>Out of 176 samples tested, 140 (79.5%) were negative for HBV serologic markers while 36 (20.5%) were positive. The pattern of seropositivity showed that 19 (10.8%) samples were positive for anti-HBs, 9 (5.1%) were positive for anti-HBc, 3 (1.7%) were positive for both anti-HBc & anti-HBs and 5 (2.8%) were positive for anti-HBc IgM. None was positive for HBeAg and anti-HBe markers. Of the 36 HBV positive and 100 negative samples, 15 (41.7%) and 3 (3%) were positive for HBV-DNA respectively p=0.006. Not heard of HBV, no vaccination with HBV vaccines, previous blood transfusion, history of sexually transmitted diseases and visiting commercial barbers were significantly associated with HBV infection. Socio-demographic data showed that male blood donors were more infected with HBV than the females (p=0.284) and age group 26-40 years old was more affected than other age groups (p=0.015). <strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>s:</strong> The study revealed the endemicity of HBV infection and recommends that blood donors with critical risk factors be deferred from blood donation to reduce HBV transmission risk in Nigeria. Anti-HBc and anti-HBs markers could be included as screening tests for blood donors since HBV-DNA testing is not readily available and affordable. Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Hepatitis B virus infection among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Suez Canal University Hospital45145717513410.21608/mid.2021.71083.1141ENNashaatSolimanDepartment of Endemic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.TasneemFahmeyDepartment of Endemic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.MohamedHefnyDepartment of Rheumatology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.RaniaKishkDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.AhmedGaberDepartment of Endemic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.Journal Article20210405<strong>Background: </strong>About 350 million individuals are considered having hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections worldwide, and 6.8% of cases have been observed of a reactivation of HBV triggered by immunosuppressive medications. Due to HBV reactivation, biologic or non-biological Synthetic antirheumatic disease-modifying drugs may be involved. For rheumatologists, HBV infection is a big concern. <strong>Patients and Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Rheumatology outpatient clinic at Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, during the period from 22 of January to 30 of July 2020 and included 200 patients with a history of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Patients were asked about their demographics and possible risk factors, and blood samples were collected for detection of HBV markers. <strong>Results: </strong>Evidence of present or past HBV infection with positive anti-HBc was found in 12% of patients (n=24). Among them, 4 patients had Overt HBV infection with positive HBsAg (2%) and another 4 patients had Occult hepatitis B, with negative HBsAg and positive HBV DNA (2%). Regarding HBV vaccination status, we found that 4 patients (16.7%) of HBc Ab positive patients were vaccinated and 69 patients (39.2%) of HBc Ab negative patients were vaccinated. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>This research indicates that HBV among rheumatoid arthritis patients is comparatively prevalent. Moreover, HBV carriers experience rheumatological symptoms. Risk factors for HBV infection in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis included history of needle stick injury, dental visits, and prior surgical procedures.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Knowledge of hepatitis B among young adults in a Higher learning Institution in Nigeria and its implication on effective disease control.45846710019010.21608/mid.2020.32784.1022ENAdejoke AdijatJosephDepartment of Microbial Pathology, University of Medical Sciences, Laje road, Ondo, Ondo state, Nigeria0000-0002-8316-4363OluyemiJosephDepartment of Sociology and Antropology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa0000-0001-5677-5380BukolaOlokobaDepartment of Ophthalmology,
University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, ilorin, kwara state, NigeriaJournal Article20200515<strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem, representing a major cause of morbidity and mortality in all age group and sex. Chronic infection with the virus can result in complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The HBV can be sexually transmitted. Due to their age and adventurous sexual behaviour, young adults are susceptible hence preventing it among this category of people through health education and health promotion is imperative. This study therefore examines the knowledge and sources of information of Hepatitis B among students of a public university in South West Nigeria.<br /> <strong>Methods:</strong> a descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out between August and December 2019 and involving 228 participants across various academic departments selected through a two-staged sampling method. Information was retrieved through administration of structured questionnaire while data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 as statistical tool.<br /> <strong>Results:</strong> Findings revealed that participants in the study have Fair level of knowledge despite High Awareness about Hepatitis B. The highest source of information about HBV was the internet which was followed closely by School. A statistical significant association was found to exist between knowledge of HBV and age of participants (p Value=0.028), as well as the source of information such as internet (p Value=0.010), school (p Value=0.038) and health talk (p Value=0.010).<br /> Conclusion: The fair level of knowledge displayed among these young adults could adversely affect the effectiveness of a HBV prevention and control programme in the country. Adequate health education on the subject of HBV transmission and the knowledge that it is preventable need to be reiterated in health promotion activities particularly targeted at young adults.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Evaluation of GeneXpert assay performance for pulmonary tuberculosis at King Abdulaziz University Hospital: A two years’ surveillance study46847511214110.21608/mid.2020.39346.1051ENRahafAlqawwasDiagnostic Molecular biology Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.AsifJiman-FataniDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaRehab HosnyEl-SokkaryAssociate professor of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University0000-0002-8135-7671DaliaElhossaryMedical microbiology and immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, zagazig university, Egypt.Journal Article20200805<strong>Background:</strong> Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest health problems. Accurate rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for cure. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of GeneXpert PCR in the rapid detection of MTBC directly from clinical samples and to determine the anti-TB drug resistance patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis. <strong>Methods:</strong> This is a cross-section analysis, involving a total of 92 patients with pulmonary TB (primary TB resistance); 37 Saudis and 55 non-Saudis. Respiratory specimens were processed, and examined by flurochrome stain. Culture and susceptibility testing was performed by VersaTREK , a liquid culture system. Adding, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) was directly detected from the sample by GeneXpert PCR. <strong>Results:</strong> GeneXpert assay achieved 96 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity for the detection of MTBC in sputum. Resistance to pyrazinamide was (6.5 %), followed by rifampicin (2.2 %), streptomycin and isoniazid (1.1 %). Mono-resistance to pyrazinamide and streptomycin (5.4%) and (1.1%) respectively. MDR-TB was (1.1%) and there was no substantial difference in anti-TB resistance between Saudi and non-Saudi TB patients. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The GeneXpert PCR is a very helpful tool for the detection of MTBC in respiratory specimens with a high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy within a shorter time as compared to conventional methods.<br />Recommendations: Costs-benefit analysis of GeneXpert versus other recently deployed TB diagnostic systems may be required on a wider scale.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Impact of Staphylococci DNA extraction methodology on microsatellite-based PCR banding profile47648417778410.21608/mid.2021.77774.1160ENAtefShehataDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt0000-0002-8522-8703Journal Article20210426<strong>Background: </strong>Microsatellite-based PCR has great utility in microbial typing by analysis of band profiles of PCR amplicons. Bacterial DNA extraction methods affect yield and quality of DNA extract, and consequently subsequent molecular-based studies. The study aimed to evaluate impact of bacterial DNA extraction methods on band profiles of microsatellite-based PCR. <strong>Methods:</strong> Genomic DNA was extracted from <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> ATCC 12228 using QIAamp kit, tween and SDS methods, and submitted to microsatellite-based PCR using (GACA)<sub>4 </sub>primer. For each extraction method, 4 concentrations were tested: the first crude extracted DNA and other 3 concentrations obtained by 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5 dilutions of the crude samples. <strong>Results</strong>: Yield and purity of DNA extracted by QIAamp kit were higher than those of other two methods. The PCR amplified all tested DNAs with generation of band profiles ranged from 2 to 11 bands in number, and from 200 bp to 1500 bp in size. Marked inter-method differences were found due to variation in band numbers and sizes. Band patterns obtained for QIAamp kit and tween methods were more robust than for SDS method. Variations of PCR patterns of different DNA concentrations within each method were minimal. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Microsatellite-based PCR band profiles vary with different genomic DNA extraction methods for the same bacterial strain. Quality of extracted DNA is more influencing than its concentration. Therefore, it is recommended to unify the extraction method of bacterial DNA for all tested bacterial strains that are submitted to such type of PCR.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Phenotypic and genotypic detection of biofilm formation and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates48549618190410.21608/mid.2021.80188.1163ENWedadAbdelraheemDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511, Minia, EgyptSohaAbdelraheemDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511, Minia, EgyptShaimaaZakiDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511, Minia, EgyptJournal Article20210511<strong>Back ground: </strong><em>S. aureus </em>especially methicillin and multi drug resistant <em>S. aureus </em>(MRSA and MDRSA) has the tendency to form biofilm. Our aim was to study the <em>in vitro</em> biofilm-forming ability of <em>S. aureus </em>isolates and to examine the relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance pattern. <strong>Methods</strong>: One hundred and forty one clinical isolates of <em>S. aureus </em>were isolated from wound pus and tracheal aspirate samples. Biofilm formation of these isolates was detected by Congo red (CRA) method and micro-titer plate (MTP) methods and confirmed by PCR through detection of biofilm genes. <strong>Results</strong>: The percentage of biofilm-producing isolates was found to be 81.6% and 58.2% for MTP and CRA methods respectively. The majority of MRSAisolates were positive for biofilm genes. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Biofilm-producing isolates exhibit high tendency to develop multidrug resistance and methicillin resistance.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Suez Canal University Hospitals49750718190310.21608/mid.2021.78200.1162ENSallyKhattabDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.0000-0001-7731-4962Mohamed AliAl SweifyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.LobnaMetwallyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
Microbiology department, College of Medicine, Taif universitySaharElazabDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.AsmaaHashemDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.Journal Article20210602<strong>Background: </strong>The polymyxins including colistin are the “last resort” antibiotics for treatment of infections with carbapenem resistant <em>Enterobacteriaceae.</em> Recently, transferable colistin resistance mediated by the <em>mcr</em>-genes has been described in <em>Enterobacteriaceae.</em> The Testing of colistin susceptibility is challenging<strong>.</strong> The aim of the work is to detect the occurence of <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>mcr-2</em> genes in phenotypically colistin-resistant carbapenem resistant <em>Escherichia coli </em>and<em> Klebsiella pneumonia<strong>e </strong></em>isolates using conventional PCR. <strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred and sixteen carbapenem-resistant <em>E.coli</em> and <em>K.pneumoniae</em> isolates were collected from patients admitted to different wards of Suez Canal University Hospitals in Ismailia. Urine, endotracheal aspirates, blood, pus and sputum specimens were collected from different patients. Minimal inhibitory concentration by broth microdiluton method was done to assess phenotypic colistin resistance. The colistin resistant <em>E.coli </em>and<em> K.pneumoniae</em> isolates were tested by conventional PCR to detect plasmid mediated <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>mcr-2</em> genes. Chi-square test was applied and <em>p < /em>-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. <strong>Results: </strong>Forty three isolates out of 116 carbapenem resistant isolates (37.1%) were colistin resistant as shown by MIC by broth microdiluton method. The 43 colistin resistant <em>E.coli </em>and<em> K.pneumoniae</em> isolates were tested by conventional PCR to detect plasmid mediated <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>mcr-2</em> genes. Two <em>mcr-2</em> genes and one <em>mcr-1</em> gene were detected. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results revealed that the prevalence of colistin resistance among carbapenem-resistant <em>E.coli</em> and <em>K.pneumoniae</em> in SCUHs is concerning; further limiting potential therapeutic options. Plasmid mediated colistin resistance genes <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>mcr-2</em> is emerging in SCUHs which refer to a problem in the hospital as by horizontal transfer of this plasmid, the resistance can spread to many isolates in the hospital.</em>Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Prevalence of New Delhi Metallo-Beta Lactamase gene among Klebsiella species isolates: An Egyptian Study50851516249210.21608/mid.2021.69533.1137ENMarwaAbdelrasoulDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, EgyptNadiaElsheshtawyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt0000-0001-8337-526XJournal Article20210306<strong>Background:</strong> Emergence of carbapenemase producing microorganisms, specifically the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) and its different groups<em>,</em> in different areas all over the world, raised a global health concern. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase destructs carbapenems, that are considered one of the last lines of treatment for infections caused by resistant strains. <strong>Aim:</strong> Our study aimed for detection of the NDM gene among the carbapenem resistant <em>Klebsiella</em> spp. isolated from a variety of clinical samples and detection of the associated risk factors for acquiring such infection. <strong>Methods</strong>: Two hundred carbapenem-resistant <em>Klebsiella</em> isolates were enrolled and subjected to microbiological identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Isolates were gathered from 560 diverse clinical specimens collected from various medical departments in Ain Shams University Hospital. <em>Klebsiella</em> spp. isolates were exposed to Imipenem-EDTA combined disk method for the identification of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production, at that point real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done for the detection of the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase<em> (bla<sub>NDM-1</sub></em>) gene among MBL phenotypic producing organisms. <strong>Results: </strong>Using Imipenem-EDTA, 82 <em>Klebsiella</em> isolates were detected to be MBL producers. The PCR showed that the blaNDM-1 gene is carried by 80 of the 82 MBL positive isolates (97.6%). There was no statistical significance regarding the risk factors and the gene acquisition. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Real time-PCR used for detection of MBL is more sensitive than the phenotypic detection methods. There was no specific risk factor identified for acquiring of <em>bla<sub>NDM-1</sub></em> gene in this study. Increasing in the incidence of MBL prompt the need to evolve preventive measures to reduce their spread. Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Characterization of virulence genetic profile and resistance patterns of clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: Classic versus hypermucoviscous phenotypes51652817286210.21608/mid.2021.74461.1147ENAsmaaElbrolosyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt0000-0001-8196-4511NairaEissaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, EgyptNahedAl- RajhyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, EgyptEsraaEl- MahdyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, EgyptRashaMostafaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, EgyptJournal Article20210428<strong><span>Background: </span></strong><em><span>Klebsiella pneumoniae</span></em><span> (<em>K. pneumoniae)</em> is one of the most clinically important opportunistic pathogens involved in both community-(CAIs) and hospital-acquired infections (HAIs).The hypervirulent <em>K.pneumoniae</em> (hv<em>Kp < /em>) responsible for disseminated infections in healthy and immunosuppressed individuals has emerged with considerable ability to get antibiotic resistance as well. We aimed to characterize the virulence genetic profile and resistance phenotypes of the clinical <em>K.pneumoniae</em> isolates at Menoufia University Hospitals (MUHs) by phenotypic and molecular methods. </em></span><strong><span>Methods:</span></strong><span> 84 <em>K.pneumoniae</em> isolates were collected and classified as classic (c<em>Kp < /em>) or hypermucoviscous (hmv<em>Kp < /em>) phenotypes by string test. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined phenotypically and multiplex PCR verified the existence of some of the suspected virulence genes. </em></em></span><strong><span>Results:</span></strong><span> Out of 84 <em>K.pneumoniae</em> isolates, 27 (32.1%) had a positive string test and identified as hmv<em>Kp < /em>. The remaining 57 isolates (67.9%) were string negative and reported as c<em>Kp < /em>. Higher resistance rates associated with ESβL, AmpC and carbapenemase production were observed in c<em>Kp < /em> compared to hmv<em>Kp < /em> particularly those of hospital origin with a significant statistical difference (<em>p < 0.05</em>). <em>RmpA</em> and <em>iutA </em>genes were strongly associated with hmv<em>Kp < /em> than c<em>Kp < /em>. The prevalence of <em>bla</em>KPC-2 gene was significantly higher in c<em>Kp < /em> (33.3%) than hmv<em>Kp < /em> (7.7%). 80.8% of the isolated hmv<em>Kp < /em> isolates proved to be hv<em>Kp < /em> (positive for both <em>rmpA</em> and <em>iutA</em> genes). </em></em></em></em></em></em></em></em></em></em></span><strong><span>Conclusions:</span></strong><span> Hmv<em>Kp < /em> strains are isolated from patients with increasing frequency and constitute a significant proportion of clinical <em>K. pneumoniae</em> isolates. The emergence of <em>bla</em>KPC-producing hv<em>Kp < /em> strains in the hospital settings confirms the importance of epidemiologic surveillance and clinical awareness of this pathogen.</em></em></span>Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Ceftazidime/avibactam efficiency tested In vitro against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from neonates with sepsis52954017110010.21608/mid.2021.70493.1139ENRaniaAamirDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt0000-0002-3677-5209Rehab MohamedAteyaDepartment of Clinical Pathology,Faculty of Human Medicine,Zagazig University,EgyptMohamedArafaDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, EgyptShymaaYahiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, EgyptJournal Article20210401<strong>Background: </strong>Carbapenem-resistant <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> (CRKP) emergence and dissemination, is an important healthcare concern due to its limited therapeutic options. Ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) is a recently approved antibiotic combination that may be effective in treating these resistant infections<strong>. </strong>The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of CRKP amongclinical isolates from neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to evaluate the <em>in-vitro</em> activity of CAZ/AVI against them. <strong>Methods:</strong> A total of 255 clinical samples were collected from neonates with suspected sepsis. All <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> isolates were identified by standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, screening for Extended-spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) production, carbapenem resistance, carbapenemase production and susceptibility to CAZ/AVI were done according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.<strong> Results</strong>: Of the 255 neonates clinically suspected as neonatal sepsis, only 136 (53.3%) had positive culture results, out the 136 culture-proven cases, 72 (52.9%) were positive for <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>, of them ESBL producers were 92% (n=66) and CRKP were 32% of isolates (n=23). All of the CRKP were carbapenamase producers (39% serine-type and 61% metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) type). Serine carbapenamase and MBL producers showed high resistance against CAZ/AVI with a percentage of 77.8% and 100% respectively. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The prevalence of CRKP is alarming in our NICU especially in the presesnce of neonatal risk factors like; neutropropenia, central line fixation and premature rapture of membranes. Ceftazidime/avibactam is an unsuitable option for the treatment of this type of resistant bacteria because of its high resistance.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Correlation between biofilm formation and multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa54154918120610.21608/mid.2021.81284.1164ENHendEl-sayedMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, EgyptYasminFahmyMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, EgyptJournal Article20210520<strong>Background:</strong> <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> <em>(P. aeruginosa)</em> is an opportunistic multidrug resistant (MDR) organism with high morbidity and mortality rate among hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. This is attributed to its natural resistance in addition to biofilm forming capacity. We aimed to detect the prevalence of biofilm between <em>P. aeruginosa</em> isolates and its relation to MDR. <strong>Methods</strong>: 191 <em>P. aeruginosa</em> isolates were collected from different clinical specimens after taking a written consent from the patients. The isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods. The disc diffusion was used to test the sensitivity of isolates to various antibiotics. Detection of biofilm phenotypically and genotypically was done. <strong>Results:</strong> Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of <em>P. aeruginosa</em> clinical isolates to different antibiotics showed that (56.5%), (52.9%), (47.6%), (47.1%), (47.1%), (46.6%), (44.0%), (43.5%), (40.8%) of <em>P. aeruginosa</em> isolates were resistant to CN, AK, AMC, ETP, IPM, PTZ, CAZ, CIP and CTX respectively. 69.1% of isolates were MDR. 84.3% were biofilm -producers by phenotypic method. The percent of genes encoding biofilm among 191 <em>P. aeruginosa</em> strains were 62.3%. 46.6% of the isolates presented all three genes “<em>algD +, pslD +, pelF +”</em>, 12.6% were <em>“algD+, pslD +”</em> genes, 3.1% were <em>“pslD+”</em> gene while 37.7% did not present any gene “<em>algD−, pslD−, pelF–</em>. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Biofilm forming <em>P. aeruginosa</em> showed high MDR level and biofilm production is associated with presence of <em>algD /pslD /pelF</em> genes.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from intensive care units in Zagazig University Hospitals55055714278110.21608/mid.2021.57273.1110ENSafiaSalamaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.AlaaHadhoudDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.Wael ELotfyGeneral Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.Reham HassanAnisDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.Journal Article20201209<strong><span lang="EN-GB">Background:</span></strong><span>Multidrug resistant (MDR) <em>Acinetobacter</em> <em>baumannii (A. baumannii)</em> has been recognized as a serious causative agent of health care associated infections (HAIs) in different countries of the world with increasing morbidity and mortality, therefore continuous monitoring and evaluation in health care settings are mandatory.We aimed to assess <em>A. baumannii </em>as a cause of HAIs in intensive care units (ICUs) of Zagazig University Hospitals and to demonstrate its antimicrobial resistance pattern. <strong>Methods:</strong> Different bacteriological specimens were collected from 71 patients with HAIs for isolation of <em>A. baumannii</em>, followed by <em>invitro</em> antibiotic susceptibility test. <strong>Results:</strong> Ten <em>A. baumannii</em> isolates were recovered (13.5%), of which eight isolates showed multidrug resistance pattern (80%). Prior use of antibiotics was a significant risk factor of development of multidrug resistance (<em>P< 0.05</em>). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Predominance of MDR <em>A. baumannii</em> as an important agent of HAIs in ICUs of Zagazig University Hospitals. Inappropriate administration of antimicrobial agents appears to be the most important risk factor.</span>Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Detection of als1 and hwp1 genes involved in biofilm formation in Candida albicans isolated from catheter associated candiduria.55856617728510.21608/mid.2021.76052.1153ENAsmaaHamadyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt0000-0001-2345-6789YaraMareiDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptJournal Article20210504<strong>Background</strong>: <em>Candida</em> species are opportunistic fungal pathogens that can affect immune compromised patients and may cause life threatening infections. Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor that enables <em>Candida</em> species to invade the host tissues. This study aimed to assess the ability of <em>Candida albicans</em> to form biofilm in patients with catheter associated candiduria and to determine the presence of some genes involved in biofilm formation at the molecular level.<br /> <strong>Methods:</strong> This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from June 2019 to June 2020 on 93 catheterized patients admitted to different wards at SCUHs, Ismailia.<em> Candida albicans</em> strains were identified phenotypically by their growth on sabouraud dextrose agar, Gram staining, growth on hypertonic sabouraud broth, chlamydospore formation and germ tube formation test. Biofilm formation was detected by tissue culture plate method. Detection of the genes involved in biofilm formation was done by PCR.<br /> <strong>Results</strong>: Twenty eight <em>Candida albicans</em> strains wereisolated from 36 <em>Candida</em> species. 9 isolates (32.1%) were strong biofilm producers, 6 isolates (21.4%) were moderate biofilm producers and 13 isolates (46.4%) were weak or non-biofilm producers. <em>ALS1</em> gene was detected in 13 isolates (46.4%), while <em>HWP1</em> gene was detected in 16 isolates (57.1 %).<br /> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study documented the prevalence of candiduria in catheterized patients and found a statistically significant higher prevalence of the tested biofilm forming genes among biofilm forming isolates as compared to the weak or non-biofilm forming ones; but additional studies should be carried out as the management of catheter associated caniduria is still controversial.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Efficiency of chromogenic medium (HiChrome universal medium) for identification of organisms causing burn wound infection and their pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility at Ain Shams University Hospitals56757417202910.21608/mid.2021.75041.1150ENNouranFarid ElguindyMicrobiology department, faculty of medicine, Ain shams university, Cairo, EgyptFatenMostafaMicrobiology department, faculty of medicine, Ain shams university, Cairo, EgyptAhmedAbd ElsalamPlastic Surgery and Burn Unit Department, Ain shams University Hospitals, Cairo, EgyptNadiaElsheshtawyMicrobiology department, faculty of medicine, Ain shams university, Cairo, Egypt0000-0001-8337-526XJournal Article20210406<strong>Background:</strong> Burn wound infections are one of the most dangerous burn complications because they are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. Their successful treatment necessitates the rapid isolation and identification of causative species using antibiotic susceptibility patterns that are acceptable.<strong> Objectives</strong>: To evaluate the efficiency of the chromogenic medium(HiChrome universal medium)in comparison to conventional method in identification of organisms causing burn wound infections regarding time, accuracy and cost and profiling of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of burn wound isolates. <strong>Methods</strong>: Eighty-three wound samples were collected from inpatient and ICU patients at Ain Sham University Burn Unit. All the wound swabs were analysed using conventional media and chromogenic medium (HiCrome Universal medium) to compare between their results. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done using disk diffusion method. <strong>Results</strong>: HiChrome universal medium was effective and could identify all organisms in the obtained samples within 24 hours and its efficiency was almost the same as conventional method including (nutrient, blood and MacConkey’ s agar medium followed by biochemical tests) but more rapid<strong>.</strong> Out of the 83 swabs taken, positive growth was detected in 81 swabs (97.5%). Out of this, Gram negative organisms were isolated from 45(54.2%) isolates while 21(25.3%) grew solely Gram positive organisms. However 15(18.1%) grew mixed Gram positive and negative organisms. <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (30.1%) was the commonest among Gram positive organisms 25(30.1%) and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> 38(45.8%) was the commonest among Gram negative organisms. Vancomycin was the most effective antibiotic against Gram positive bacteria and Imipenem was the most effective against Gram negative organisms. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: HiCrome Universal agar can be used to quickly isolate all organisms with low cost.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Molecular detection of bacterial agents of atypical pneumonia among patients from six hospitals in Suez Canal region57558516739910.21608/mid.2021.69228.1135ENHebaEl-SayedDepartment of Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Port-Said University, Port-Said, EgyptMohamed AliAl SweifyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.WaheedHessamDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.Eman RiadHamedInternal Medicine Department ,Chest Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptMarwaFouadDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.0000-0002-3883-2916Journal Article20210323<strong><span>Background:</span></strong><span> Reliable diagnosis of atypical pneumonia microbial agents is crucial since they do not respond to beta-lactams but to other groups of antibiotics. Therefore, empiric treatment with beta lactam groups will be ineffective for their eradication if no additional antibiotics as macrolides are administered to the management plan. This study aimed to determine prevalence of <em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae)</em>, <em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) </em>and <em>Legionella pneumophila</em> (<em>L. pneumophila</em>) among patients with atypical pneumonia, and drawing physicians' attention to the role of these pathogens as etiologic agents of atypical pneumonia in the Suez Canal region. </span><strong><span>Methods:</span></strong><span> Eighty-four atypical pneumonia cases were enrolled in this study. Respiratory samples were collected. Part of each specimen was inoculated onto blood, MacConkey, and chocolate agar plates, another part of specimens was processed for DNA extraction and multiplex PCR assay for detection of <em>M. pneumoniae</em> p1adhesion gene, <em>C. pneumoniae</em> outer membrane protein (ompA) gene, and <em>L. pneumophila</em> macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene. </span><strong><span>Results:</span></strong><span> Out of the 84 atypical pneumonia cases, atypical bacteria were detected by multiplex conventional PCR in 12 (14%) cases and they all were <em>L. pneumophila</em>, 3 cases (4%) were mixed with <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, and 2 (2%) cases were mixed with <em>Streptococcus pyogens</em>. <em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em> and <em>C. pneumoniae</em> were not detected by PCR in our samples. </span><strong><span>Conclusions:</span></strong><span> <em>Legionella pneumophila</em> incidence is not low in our geographical region in patients with atypical pneumonia; so it is of pivotal importance to recruit sensitive and reliable molecular based techniques to detect and control this infection in healthcare environments.</span>Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Anti-bacterial effects of chewing sticks on periodontal pathogens5865898829010.21608/mid.2020.29233.1010ENAdeoti OlatudeMichealScience Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Science, Biological Sciences Unit, The Oke Ogun Polytechnic, SakiAdesina DavidAdemolaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, NigeriaAdeoye KafilatAdenikeDepartment of Zoology, Parasitology Unit, University of Ibadan,NigeriaOlaoye OpeyemiJoyDepartment of Microbiology, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, SakiOlufemiOlutopeDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, Saki. Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Botany, University of Ibadan0000-0002-2723-3600Adedokun ElizabethOlajumokeDepartment Of science Laboratory Technology, Microbiology Unit
The Oke Ogun Polytechnic, SakiJournal Article20200403From antiquity, several plants with reported effectiveness against periodontal pathogens, and have oral acidogenic effect against bacteria responsible for dental caries and dental plaque is as old as man. The present study focused on the antibacterial activities of the root of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf), Fagara xanthoxyloides, Prosopis africana (mesquite) and Anogesissus leiocarpus were all collected from Saki, Nigeria. The chewing stick were washed, shaded dried for 7 days according to the standard procedure. Five consented individuals, supra-gingival plaques were cultured and subjected to the antibacterial assessment by preparing of the aqueous extracts of the chewing sticks. The test organisms included Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella spp which were isolated from consented individuals. All the isolated periodontal strains were inhibited at 2% concentrations of all aqueous extracts except the Klebsiella which was inhibited at 8% to 16% concentration of A. indica. Both P. africana and V. amygdalina had no inhibitory effect on Klebsiella at all concentrations. Only A. indica at 8% and 16% had noticeable inhibition on Klebsiella. At 2%, 4%, 8% and 16%, Acacia gum showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and E. coli. Fagara xanthoxyloides and Anogesissus leiocarpus were the most efficacious among all the tested chewing stick. In conclusion, the tested chewing sticks were effective as antibacterial agents against all the tested organisms.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria59059610533710.21608/mid.2020.34606.1033ENNuraMuhammad BunzaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, NigeriaAbdulhadiSale KumuryaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, NigereiaAsma’u Sabi’uMuhammadDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, NigeriaJournal Article20200605<strong>Background:</strong> Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common infections worldwide and are still the cause of major human morbidity and mortality. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated about 3.5 billion people are affected with intestinal parasitic infections and yearly more than 200,000 deaths are reported. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among commercial food handlers in Kano metropolis. <strong>Methods:</strong> Stool samples were collected from 126 food handlers. The samples were examined by direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration technique. <strong>Results:</strong> The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 14.3%. Entamoeba histolytica was found to be the most prevalent among the parasites detected with prevalence of 5.6%. This was followed by Hookworm (4.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (2.4%), Trichuris trichiura (1.6%) and Entamoeba coli (0.8%) respectively. No statistically significant association existed between awareness of parasite transmission, source of water and intestinal parasitic infections (P > 0.05). A statistically significant association was found between hand washing, walking barefooted and intestinal parasitic infections (P > 0.05). A statistically significant association was found between hand washing, walking barefooted and intestinal parasitic infections (P <0.001). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study revealed a relatively high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers with Entamoeba histolytica being the most prevalent. Appropriate health education concerning personal hygiene should be given to food handlers so as to prevent intestinal parasitic infections.Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322320210801Continuous medical education activities; Answers to Case No. 5: Infection control for MRSA transmission59760418441510.21608/mid.2021.184415ENAhmed MoradAsaadMedical Microbiology and Immunology department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.0000-0002-1422-1117Journal Article20210504Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) is still recognized as one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. These isolates are usually resistant to all currently available β-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems). Vancomycin has historically been the drug of choice and sometimes the last resort for the treatment of serious MRSA infections, providing empirical coverage and definitive therapy. However, its increased use has now become questionable. Moreover, its increased use has already led to emergence of vancomycin-intermediate <em>S. aureus </em>(VISA) as well as vancomycin-resistant <em>S. aureus </em>(VRSA) in certain parts of the world.<br /> In the early 1990s, MRSA was reported to account for 20 – 25 % of <em>S. aureus </em>isolates in hospitalized, worldwide. By the middle of the current decade, many hospitals experienced MRSA percentages in the range of 50-70% of total <em>S. aureus </em>isolates from clinical cultures. Recent studies have found that an increasing proportion of hospital-onset invasive MRSA infections are caused by community strains. The clinical scenario has been more dramatic by MRSA colonization which increases the risk of infection, and infecting strains match colonizing strains in as many as 50–80% of cases. Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> may persist within the hospital environment for a long time, complicating attempts of eradication. Besides, colonization is not static, as strains have been found to evolve and even to be replaced within the same host. Poor infection control measures as well as continues and indiscriminate use of antibiotics have resulted in this huge problem of acquisition and dissemination of MRSA.