Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Possible Western and Chinese medicines for “Omicron”1221117710.21608/mid.2021.110235.1216ENSiukanLawIndependent researcher0000-0002-0454-2048Journal Article20211208Recently, there is a COVID-19 mutated variant, B.1.1.529 discovered in South Africa and called “Omicron” according to the World Health organization's suggestion. This is not yet clear whether omicron is more transmissible from person to person. It causes the infection by the presence of spike protein which facilitates a virus’ entry into the host cell. Is vaccination suitable for this variant? Up to the present, we have received very little information about the omicron which mainly depends on previous experiences in other COVID-19 variants. Thus, some possible treatments of omicron have been proposed in Western and Chinese medicines.<br /> In western medicine, COVID-19 antibody-drug such as “Sotrovimab” is still effective to fight against the omicron variant. Sotrovimab is a SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody that targets the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding domain (RBD) and locks the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein for mediating the spike-ACE2 interaction. Anti-viral drugs such as “Remdesivir” are also thought to be effective for the omicron variant. Remdesivir is an inhibitor of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which reduces and suppresses the virus replication. (To be continued)...https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_211177_4b355b385f5ad99ddacaafecb417b6e7.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201SARS Cov-2 Vaccines and Vaccination Strategies31220774210.21608/mid.2021.207742ENNihalaNaseefa C HDepartment of Zoology, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala, IndiaSheebaPDepartment of Zoology, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala, IndiaJournal Article20211028A rapid change has been undergone in the current pandemic and many countries are being exposed to the third wave of covid-19. The tireless work for the discovery of vaccine had begun by the time the disease occupied a major part of the globe. This is mainly due to the efficacy of vaccines in preventing diseases and it is one of the cost effective strategies adopted for the prevention of many diseases. Currently a lot of countries have come forth with suitable vaccines to tackle the SARS CoV-2 to some extent. This paper incorporates details about vaccination and the common vaccines in use against covid-19. Based on the evidences available, keen observations and studies carried out on the previously emerged SARS and MERS, the vaccine against SARS CoV-2 was developed, however the primary focus depend on the spike protein which was considered as a target for the development of suitable immunotherapies and thereby played a potential role in the vaccine development process. Vaccination is the most significant strategy to stop the pandemic and the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines provides a genuine gauge of hope for future.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_207742_9681fe6aa1188ddd7a896bd742e3ad2c.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Evaluation of the predictive value of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and their derived immune-inflammatory indices in COVID-19 Egyptian patients132320814810.21608/mid.2021.103331.1207ENSara I.TahaDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0001-8224-8701Aalaa K.ShataDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo,Egypt.Eman M.El-SehsahDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, EgyptShaimaa H.FouadDepartment of Internal Medicine / Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0003-4052-9454Aya H.MoussaDepartment of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0003-4680-2204Shaimaa A.AbdalgeleelDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0003-0994-7703Nouran M.MoustafaDepartment of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
& Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0002-3956-1484Mariam K.YoussefDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0003-2075-3889Journal Article20211105<strong>Background:</strong> In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), finding sensitive biomarkers is critical for detecting severe cases early and intervening effectively. <strong>Aim of the work:</strong> To compare and evaluate the value of pretreatment c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and their derived immune-inflammatory indices (CRP/albumin (CRP/alb), lymphocyte/CRP (L/CRP), and lymphocyte/IL-6 (L/IL-6)) in the prediction of COVID-19 severity and in-hospital mortality. <strong>Methods:</strong> This cross-sectional study included 85 confirmed COVID-19 patients, their complete blood count with differential, as well as albumin and IL-6 levels on the day of their hospital admission, were assessed and compared. We followed all patients till their in-hospital death or discharge from the hospital. <strong>Results:</strong> On admission levels of CRP, IL-6, and CRP/alb were significantly higher (<em>p < /em>=0.001) in severe patients and non-survivors, but L/CRP and L/IL-6 were significantly lower (<em>p < /em>=0.001) compared to non-severe patients and non-survivors. CRP/alb and L/CRP at cut-offs of 1.65 and 260.86, respectively, were the best predictors for COVID-19 severity, while IL-6 and L/IL-6 at cut-offs of 120 pg/ml and 5.40, respectively, were the best predictors for COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. IL-6 was an independent risk factor associated with severe disease development (odds ratio (OR): 1.033; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.002-1.066). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Pretreatment levels of CRP, IL-6, and their derived indices should be included in the diagnostic work-up of COVID-19 to determine the severity and predict the outcome.</em></em>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_208148_37afbfbec7301692598bceb0d22f4c40.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Evaluation of peripheral lymphocyte subsets' alteration and IL6 serum level correlated with Severity and outcome in Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)243520187310.21608/mid.2021.97001.1194ENManar MagdyAbd ElhadyMedical Microbiology and Immunology, faculty of medicine, Damietta university, EgyptAmany T.Abd ElrahmanDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, faculty of medicine, Ain shams university, EgyptNesma Gamal Ahmed ElsayedElsheikhDepartment of Geriatric and Gerontology Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt0000-0003-0803-171CNoha N.Salah ElDeenDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, faculty of medicine, Ain shams university, EgyptJournal Article20210920<strong>Background:</strong> Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapid spread worldwide and its pathogenesis is still not well understood. It's critical to identify the key immune inflammatory markers that may be correlated with COVID-19 severity. This study aimed to study the association of the peripheral lymphocyte subsets alteration and IL-6 serum level with disease severity and outcome in COVID-19. <strong>Methods:</strong> Samples from 30 COVID-19 patients were collected; one is EDTA anticoagulated for flowcytometric analysis of different lymphocyte subsets and the other for Interleukin-6 (IL6) serum level assessed by ELISA technique. <strong>Results:</strong> Absolute lymphocytic count (0.9 (0.5 - 1.4)× 10<sup>3</sup>/µL) , CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells (217 (135.6 - 445.5) cells/µL) , CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (160 (112 - 338) cells/µL) and natural killer (NK) cells (33.3 (18.2 - 99.5) cells/µL) were significantly reduced in severe COVID-19 patients with significantly elevated IL-6 serum levels 90 (70-120) (pg/mL) in severe patients. Lower T lymphocytes and NK subset counts with higher IL-6 levels were significantly associated with higher mortality. However, B cell count was not associated with severity or mortality. Il-6 levels, CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells counts were considered best predictors of disease severity and mortality according to ROC curve analysis (with AUC 0.842, 0.884 and 0.773 respectively). <strong>Conclusion:</strong>Peripheral lymphocyte subsets as CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and NK cells were significantly reduced in severe COVID-19 patients. CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell count was the most significant biomarker for disease severity .Serum IL-6 levels were higher in severe illness. So, IL-6 can serve as a significant predictor of COVID-19 severity. As regard mortality and relation with lymphocytic count and lymphocytic subsets, total lymphocytic count and all T lymphocyte subsets CD4<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD56<sup>+</sup> cells count can be used as a significant predictor of death in COVID-19 patients. However, CD19<sup>+</sup> cells counts had no relation with death.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_201873_7d88e1891c5988f2707aba85fcffd5d4.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Evaluation of stool and urine parameters correlation to CRP and D-dimer in COVID-19 infected adults and their contact children364720498410.21608/mid.2021.102294.1204ENFetouhHassaninClinical Pharmacy department (pediatrics), Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt0000-0001-7668-6211AzzaAbbasMedical Parasitology, Immunology and Microbiology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMI), Cairo, EgyptElshahatAlaaMedical Parasitology, Immunology and Microbiology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMI), Cairo, EgyptMonaSchaalanClinical Pharmacy department (pharmacy), Misr International University, Cairo, EgyptMohamedRabeaDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMI), Cairo, Egypt0000-0002-5556-4124Journal Article20211012<strong>Aim:</strong> Aim is to depict suggestive urine and stool parameters in asymptomatic suspected contact children living with COVID-19 infected adults. These parameters will facilitate identifying children who deserve the confirmatory diagnosis of COVID-19 by PCR test. <strong>Methods:</strong> Study was conducted in the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research institute (NHTMRI) Cairo, Egypt. It included 66 mild COVID-19 adult patients (group1) and their 82 asymptomatic contact children (group 2). <strong>Results: </strong> In group 1, both C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer levels were significantly high. C reactive protein was significantly positively correlated with urinary microalbumin> 30, albumin/ creatinine ratio and urine pus >10 cells / HPF and significantly negatively correlated with vitamin C. D-dimer was significantly negatively correlated with vitamin C. In group 2, CRP and D-dimer were significantly negatively correlated with urine specific gravity (SG), urinary vitamin C. CRP was significantly negatively correlated with stool pus > 10 cells/ HPF, while D-dimer was significantly positively correlated with stool occult blood. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis revealed that urine SG showed the highest area under the curve (AUC); 0.859, 0.96, sensitivity of 100%, 100% and specificity of 71.8%, 77.8% with reference to D-dimer and CRP; respectively. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: In contact children of adult COVID-19 proved infection, urine SG, stool occult blood and stool pus > 10 cells/ HPF can be feasible tool for suspected COVID-19 infection, based on its results COVID-19 PCR request can be an imperative option to confirm the diagnosis; particularly in developing countries where detection of COVID -19 by PCR is not readily feasible.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_204984_c51a9924fe04af9559cf7aa7f4b604d4.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Prevalence of hepatitis B virus coinfection among Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive patients in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria485415807110.21608/mid.2021.64091.1126ENMUSASALEDepartment of Microbiology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, NigeriaAmiraBagarmiDepartment of Microbiology, School of life Sciences Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, NigeriaShinjawaYunanaPathology Department, Adamawa State Specialist Hospital Yola, NigeriaJournal Article20210120<strong>Background:</strong> Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) confection has been reported to impair negatively on the health of the patients because it impacts directly on the outcome of HBV infection, considerably complicating its natural history, diagnosis and management. This study was aimed at determining the incidence and distribution of HBV/HIV coinfection in the study area. <strong>Methods</strong>: The sera people living with HIV/AIDS were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HB<sub>s</sub>Ag) and cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell counts using the Becton Dickinson Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter procedure. <strong>Results</strong>: The prevalence of HBV co-infection among people living with HIV/AIDS in this study was 11% with the coinfection being higher in males (14.3%) compared to the 9.7% among females. The coinfection was highest among people ages 25-39 yr. (12.9%) while least occurrence of coinfection was observed in ages above 53 yr. (8.3%). The CD4 counts of HBV and HIV coinfected persons showed that 18.2% of coinfected persons had CD4 counts above 700-1000 cells/mm<sup>3 </sup>while 12.1% had CD4 counts between 501-700 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The relatively high prevalence of HBV infection in HIV patients confirms the need for baseline screening for these markers in HIV-infected patients, as this could affect the choice of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen for the patients.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_158071_b859da51f1e9454c195e81a470abf6ef.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Cutaneous infections among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - infected patients in a single center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia556116907610.21608/mid.2021.71180.1140ENAhlam MutaharMuthannaDermatology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia0000-0002-7429-1176AdawiyahJamilProfessor, Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malayisa, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaJournal Article20210405<strong>Background:</strong> Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is frequently associated with cutaneous infections. <strong>Objective:</strong> To determine the spectrum of dermatological infections among HIV positive patients, identify the causative microorganisms and CD4 count. <strong>Methods:</strong> This is a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary center. HIV-positive patients registered in 2013 to 2018 were identified from casemix database, those with suspected cutaneous infection were selected. Data was obtained from electronic and physical medical records. <strong>Results: </strong> A total of 27 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 38.61±11 years, 22(81.5%) were males and 5(18.5%) were females. Most patients 14(52%) developed more than one skin disease, there were a total of 46 diagnoses. The skin infections were fungal 11(24%), viral 4(8.7%) and bacterial 4(8.7%). Disseminated mycoses were mostly due to <em>Penicillium marneffei</em> 4(8.7%). Superficial fungal infections were due to <em>Fusarium sp, Candida sp and Trichosporum sp < /em>. Cutaneus candidiasis constituted 3(6.47%). The average CD4 count in patients with fungal infections was 79 cells/mm3. Other skin diseases documented were adverse cutaneous drug reactions 8(17.4%) and pruritic papular eruption 5(11%). CD4 count was Conclusion: Both disseminated and superficial fungal infections were common in our cohort. <em>Penicillium marneffei</em> caused majority of disseminated infections while superficial infections are due to moulds.</em>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_169076_402febfc6e99d62731ae9da11e6e6cbb.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of hepatitis E virus infection among pregnant women attending Maiduguri teaching hospital, Nigeria626811006910.21608/mid.2020.39788.1053ENBabajide BamideleAjayiDepartment of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, NigeriaImanIgwegbeDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, NigeriaSemsariLatboneDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, NigeriaBamidele SojiOderindeDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, NigeriaIbrahim MusaKidaDepartment of Medicine, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri NigeriaSamuel OyebodeOyinloyeDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, NigeriaKayodeAdelowoDepartment of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri NigeriaBallah AkawuDenueDepartment of Medicine, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri NigeriaCalvinChamaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri NigeriaIdris NasirAbdullahiDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria0000-0002-5511-1272Journal Article20200719<strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a major public health problem in developing countries and often fatal among pregnant women in the third trimester. <strong>Objectives: </strong>The study investigated the sero-prevalence and risk factors of HEV infection among pregnant women attendee of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria. <strong>Methods: </strong>The cross-sectional study was carried out between 4<sup>th</sup> January 2016 to 30<sup>th</sup> May, 2016. One hundred and eighty blood samples from pregnant women who consented and enrolled for the study were analyzed for anti – HEV IgM using a quality assured commercial Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Structured questionnaires were used to collate the sociodemographic characteristics and risk factor of study subjects. <strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 180 pregnant women sampled, the anti-HEV IgM seroprevalence of 13.3% was recorded. The seroprevalence was significantly higher in the age range of 31 – 35 years (26.5%) and least in age range ≤ 20 years (4.9%) (p=0.009). The highest seroprevalence was recorded in the third trimester 14.1% followed by second (p>0.05). After logistic regression, nature of toilet system, and source of water consumption were significant risk factors for active HEV infection (p˂0.05). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the 10.8 % pooled national prevalence of HEV infection in Nigeria, this study recorded a significantly high level of anti – HEV IgM seropositivity, an indication of recent and active HEV infection among pregnant women at the study area. Also, these infections are most among the pregnant women in their third trimester. HEV infection was related to personal, water and environmental hygiene.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_110069_ef2c67e197556d74c541da4e78e30573.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Update on the human microbiome and its clinical importance697619582210.21608/mid.2021.93318.1189ENAymanAllamDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt0000-0002-6726-089Journal Article20210809<strong>Background:</strong> The human microbiota is all microorganisms that live on and in humans as gut microbiota, vaginal microbiota, skin microbiota and so. The human microbiome consists of the human microbiota and the genes these cells harbor. The human microbiome is characterized by the huge number and wide diversity. The multi-omic approaches, including phylogenetic marker-based microbiome profiling, shotgun metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics, have enabled the efficient characterization of microbial communities. The human microbiome produces a high amount of metabolites that can affect its host to the degree some scientists have considered it especially the gut microbiome as an extraorgan. The human microbiome accomplishes many vital processes. It maintains intestinal integrity and supports its barrier function. It provides essential nutrients like vitamin K and vitamin B. The human microbiome is vital to the innate and adaptive immune system. Disturbance of human microbiome can lead to somatic diseases as autoimmune diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, DM type II, and the development of cancer. Besides, the somatic disorders, dysbiosis was associated with autism and psychiatric disorders. This review article aims to shed light on updates on human microbiomes and its importance to human health. It will discuss the relation of dysbiosis to human diseases.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_195822_7ec368505741d0d7050839b0ab0dbe62.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Ubiquitous adulterants in the microbiological investigations of tertiary care centre in mid-Nepal778016852810.21608/mid.2021.68510.1132ENLaxmiYadavDepartment of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, 44200, Chitwan, Nepal0000-0001-8166-0462ShamshulAnsariDepartment of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal0000-0003-1846-1377Ram LochanYadavDepartment of Physiology, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, 44200, Chitwan, Nepal0000-0001-8166-0462Sanjay RayYadavDepartment of Biochemistry, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, 44200, Chitwan, NepalJournal Article20210302<strong>Aim:</strong>The bacterial agents can be isolated even from the aerosol, hands, cloths,and floors of the laboratory .So, the microbiological agents isolated from these areas can act as contaminant in the microbiology laboratory and may be an obstacle in the routine processing and culture of the specimen. This leads to the false positive results and false negative results. As a consequence of which, inaccurate therapeutic regimens are prescribed to the patients, this causes unusual serious effects in the other unaffected parts of the body.The purpose of this study was to illustrate the bacterial agents that are responsible to act as a contaminant in the laboratory. <strong>Methods:</strong>The samples were collected from the floors,working surface and aerosol of the laboratory whereas the samples were also obtained from the hands and cloths of the laboratory staffs of Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital. The isolates were identified bythe standard microbiological protocols applied routinely in the lab. <strong>Results:</strong>Out of 180 samples, growth was observed in 38 of them. Among 38 positive samples, <em>Micrococcus</em>spp. was isolated in 14(36.8%) followed by <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> in 7 (18.4%). <em>Diphtheroids </em>were observed in 4 samples (10.5%). <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> was found in 6 (15.8%) samples whereas <em>Staphylococus aureus</em> were isolated in 5(13.1%)samples. <strong>Conclusion:</strong>Hence, the bacteriological agents can be isolated from various areas of laboratory and may act as a contaminant which might degrade the quality or the accuracy of the reporting of the results.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_168528_d82e9a505c4b753e43ab90258d25898d.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Burden of antibiotic resistance among children with typhoid in Gadap Town, Karachi, Pakistan819119436110.21608/mid.2021.87000.1174ENSaimaMohsinDepartment of Pathology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi 74600, Sindh, Pakistan0000-0002-1487-3545QamarAzizDepartment of Pathology, Islam Medical College, Sialkot 51480, Punjab, Pakistan0000-0002-3194-5096OlavMuurlinkCentre for Regional Economies and Supply Chains,
Central Queensland University,
160 Ann Street,
Brisbane,
QLD 4000,
Australia0000-0002-8251-9521AndrewTaylor-RobinsonSchool of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences,
Central Queensland University,
160 Ann Street,
Brisbane,
QLD 4000,
Australia0000-0001-7342-8348Journal Article20210720<strong>Background: </strong>Increasing antibiotic resistance by pathogenic bacteria is observed in poor sanitary conditions. The peak incidence of typhoid occurs between 5–15 years of age. This is the most common bacteraemic illness of children in Pakistan. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of drug-resistant <em>Salmonella</em>Typhi and <em>S.</em> Paratyphi A in children hospitalized or treated as outpatients at a tertiary care centre that serves Gadap Town, an extensive slum district of Karachi.<strong> Methods: </strong>A total of 275 peripheral blood samples were collected from children up to 14 years old who presented with clinical features of typhoid to Fatima Hospital, Baqai Medical University, over a two-year period. Samples were cultured for growth of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, identified by biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion using eight different antibiotics.<strong> Results: </strong>Among all samples, 30 (10.9%) were positive for <em>S. </em>Typhiby blood culture. The rate of positivity was 23 (76.7%) cases for ages 5–14 years, three (10.0%) in each of age groups 2.0–2.9 and 4.0–4.9 years, and one patient (3.3%) aged 3.0–3.9 years. The majority of <em>S. </em>Typhi isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole (66.7%), ampicillin (63.3%), nalidixic acid (60.0%), chloramphenicol (50.0%) and aztreonam (50.0%). However, most isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone (76.7%) and ciprofloxacin (66.7%). There were 15 multidrug-resistant isolates but no typhoid-related deaths.<strong> Conclusion: </strong>Our findings show evidence of antimicrobial resistance by <em>S. </em>Typhiisolated from Karachiite children living in a poverty-stricken setting where water quality and sanitation are both unsatisfactory. Currently, Pakistan’s most populated city is recognized as a focus of typhoid cases. Therefore, this first report of the emergence of confirmed cases of multidrug-resistant <em>S.</em> Typhi from the only public hospital in its largest neighborhood identifies a grave public health concern.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_194361_f3238697f2c980ccd9199128f6b5c81f.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Mean platelet volume (MPV) and plasma lactate level in the diagnosis and prognosis of neonatal bacteremia9210019914310.21608/mid.2021.199143ENMarwa Abd EL-RasoulEL-AshryClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptGhada AhmedSalehPediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptYara RaafatHosnyClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptNohaMohammedClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt0000-0001-6388-3857Journal Article20210902<strong>Background: </strong>Neonatal sepsis is a life-threatening clinical condition. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality if not treated properly. Blood culture remains the gold standard method diagnosis of sepsis, but it takes at least 24 hours for presumptive diagnosis. Owing to the fact that neonates are vulnerable and can deteriorate easily, rapid diagnosis and management is a must. <strong>Aim of the work:</strong>Determination of the role of mean platelet volume (MPV) and plasma lactate level in the diagnosis and prognosis of neonatal bacteremia. <strong>Methods</strong><strong>:</strong>Study included 108 clinically septic neonates aged 0-28 days. All neonates were subjected to blood culture, complete blood picture (for MPV evaluation), CRP and blood lactic acid level. <strong>Results:</strong> The current study showed that there was a significant difference between cases and controls as regards MPV, CRP, and lactate with higher mean and median values among cases with P value 0.001, 0.003, and 0.021 respectively. High blood lactic acid level was found to be highly significant in non-survived neonates when compared to the survived ones with P value 0.001. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> MPV and Blood lactic acid (BLA) tests are simple, rapid, and inexpensive methods to diagnose neonatal bacteremia. The available evidence confirms significantly higher MPV, and BLA in neonates with bacteremia compared to neonates with non-bacteremia causes of sepsis. Therefore, in clinical practice, MPV and BLA could be used as indicators for the early diagnosis of sepsis, while blood lactic acid can be used as well as a predictor of mortality.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_199143_c18a8d60bda32b3b1650b36fd593af76.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Contribution of vaginal infection to preterm premature rupture of membrane and adverse pregnancy outcome10111121073610.21608/mid.2021.109944.1214ENAliElshabrawyObstetrics and Gynecology Department , Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.Heba A.MohammedMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.YaraAliObstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.AhmedHeraizObstetrics and Gynecology Deparement, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.Journal Article20211107<strong><span>Background:</span></strong><span>Preterm</span><span>premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is the cause of approximately one third of preterm deliveries. </span><strong><span>Objectives:</span></strong><span> assess the relation of vaginal infections and their antimicrobial profile with PPROM and pregnancy outcome. </span><strong><span>Methodology:</span></strong><span> Case control study of 320 females with PPROM (case) and 320 females with normal pregnancy (control) at 28- 37 weeks of gestation. Vaginal examination, vaginal pH assessment and Whiff test were done. Vaginal swabs were collected and examined microscopically for diagnosis of different vaginal infections. Swabs were cultivated, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of revealed bacteria were done. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed. </span><strong><span>Results</span></strong><span>: Bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis were identified in 29.1% and 17.3% of all participants respectively. There was statistically significant difference regarding prevalence of different vaginal infections in case and control groups (<em>p < /em><0.001). Aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis were risk factors for PPROM. <em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em> was the most prevalent organism. Erythromycin and ampicillin were the least effective antibiotics against Gram positive and Gram-negative isolates respectively. There was significant increase of all maternal and fetal adverse outcomes in cases with aerobic vaginitis. </em></span><strong><span>Conclusion:</span></strong><span> Different vaginal infections carry risk of PPROM and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The variation in prevalence of bacterial isolates in different studies and localities notify the lack of standardized treatment for infected mothers. Accurate diagnosis of vaginal infection, precise medical treatment during pregnancy is essential for maintenance of maternal and neonatal health.</span>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_210736_5c0ed04ba90690480281b355cccf8c6d.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Microbiological study of certain genes associated with biofilm forming capacity of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Egypt: An eye on Nifedipine repurposing11212720242410.21608/mid.2021.101063.1203ENGhadaAliDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, PUA, EgyptNevineSeiffeinDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, PUA, EgyptJournal Article20210914<strong>Background:</strong> <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> remains one of the most prevalent pathogens associated with several infections. We aim to evaluate the biofilm forming capacity along with the presence of biofilm-associated genes in MRSA from surgical wound infections. In addition, potential antimicrobial activity of nifedipine was investigated.<strong> Methods: </strong>A total of 50 MRSA isolates were collected form surgical wound samples from clinical laboratories. The antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm forming capacity were screened. PCR was used to detect <em>icaA, icaD, </em><em>hla, sirB</em><em>, </em><em>ebpS, fnbA</em><em>, </em><em>clfA, sdr </em>and<em> can</em> genes. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of nifedipine, alone and combined with levofloxacin, was determined. Preliminary molecular docking was employed to predict the binding affinity between nifedipine and different target proteins. Spa typing was performed to analyze MRSA strains.<strong> Results: </strong>All MRSA strains were multidrug-resistant and biofilm producers. The most abundant gene was <em>hla</em> (96%), followed by <em>icaA</em> and <em>sirB</em> with equal prevalence (88%). Biofilm formation was significantly associated with <em>icaA, icaD, sdrE</em> and <em>sirB</em> genes. In addition to the antibiofilm activity of nifedipine, there was a synergistic effect between it and levofloxacin, this finding was further given strength to by molecular docking where nifedipine had a binding affinity to HTH-type transcriptional regulator qacR. For the first time in Egypt, spa type t314 was reported.<strong> Conclusion: </strong>Nifedipine, alone and combined with levoflocaxin, showed promising results as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent. Such effect might be due to efflux inhibition activity and worth additional investigation to understand the underlying mechanism. https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_202424_3818f7d218e3a4cb54b10b65d6ffbd8f.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Phenotypic detection of Metallo-β-Lactamase in imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia at Schiphra Hospital of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso12813417029310.21608/mid.2021.70446.1138ENBoukaréKaboréDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Burkina Faso, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03HamaCISSEDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Burkina Faso, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03Koudbi JacobZongoDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Burkina Faso, BP 176 DEDOUGOUIdrissaSanouUFR Health Sciences, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Burkina Faso, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03. Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology at Tengadogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, BP 104 OuagadougouBoukaréZebaDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Burkina Faso, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03YvesTraoréDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Burkina Faso, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 030000-0003-2015-0068AlySAVADOGODepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Burkina Faso, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 030000-0002-9090-290XJournal Article20210331<strong>Background: </strong>Epidemic of carbapenemase-producing bacteria has become worldwide. Thus, during the last decade, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> and non fermentative Gram-negative bacteria in human patients have increased. Carbapenemase-producing bacteria are usually multidrug resistant. Therefore, early recognition of carbapenemase producers is critical to prevent their spread. <strong>Objectives</strong>: The aim of this study was to contribute establishing the prevalence of isolates producing Metallo-β-Lactamase isolated from patients admitted to Schiphra Hospital of Ouagadougou. <strong>Methods:</strong> Susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents was evaluated by disc diffusion method using imipenem as screening antibiotic. The combination of imipenem-EDTA was used after detection the resistance to imipenem. <strong>Results: </strong>A total of 52 isolates resisting one of the third generation cephalosporins were collected. Five isolates showed an intermediary resistance to imipenem (9.61%). Two isolates were resistant to imipenem-EDTA (3.85%). The test of imipenem-EDTA was done to confirm to production of Metallo-β-Lactamase. The hydrolysis of bacterial extract by meropenem was confirmed by production with a kinetic activity at spectrophotometer V<sub>0=</sub>4.77x10<sup>–5</sup>µM/min for <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </em>and V<sub>0</sub>=1.183x10<sup>-4 </sup>µM/min for <em>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. </em><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study showed that bacterial resistances by production to metallo-β-lactamases are a reality in Burkina Faso.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_170293_d3b9f32eea4d72997ddf3684c6e8be65.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Acinetobacter baumannii extracted silver nanoparticles: A study on the characterization and antibacterial activity13514821148310.21608/mid.2021.109802.1212ENMonaAbdelhamidClinical pharmacist. National Liver Institute, Menoufia UniversityRateb NabilAbassAssociate Professor of Microbial Genetics, Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, EgyptMagdy KamalKhalilProfessor of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-kom 32511, EgyptA. B. AbeerMohammedLecturer of Microbial Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, EgyptFatma OKhalilMicrobiology nd Immunology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-kom, Egypt0000-0002-3157-5232Journal Article20211106<strong>Background:</strong> Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem, associated with increased mortality. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles are promising solution. <strong>Aim:</strong> To improve the anti-microbial resistance using <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> <em> (A. baumannii)</em> biosynthesized silver nitrate.<strong>Methods:</strong> Optimization of biosynthesis condition and characterization by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (U-V-Vis) at a wavelength from 300 to 400 nm, ±1.67 nm. The <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> biosynthesized silver nitrate was examined using transmission electron microscope (TEM). Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy was done to study the capping material, X-ray spectroscopy confirm silver nanoparticles synthesis with particle size match TEM measuring and testing its antibacterial effect was done. <strong>Results:</strong> The obtained U.V Spectroscopy and TEM characters of silver nitrate biosynthesized <em>A.baumannii.</em> <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> biosynthesized silver nitrate was obtained indicated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was from 1-3 mg/ml against extreme drug resistance bacteria. the size of silver nanoparticles was found to be between 18 nm and 50 nm. The AgNPs were found to be stable for over 6 months at 37°C.The MIC for AgNPs formed from <em>A. baumannii</em> CFF was detected as 2.85 mg/ml, MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration) was 3 mg/ml for <em>K. pneumonia, </em>MIC was 1 mg/ml, MBC was 0.5 mg/ml for<em> P. aeruginosa </em>and MIC was 1.5 mg/ml and MBC was 1 mg/ml for<em> A. baumannii </em>isolates. Lethal concentration (LC) 50% was 60.584 ug/ml) assessed by Sulforhodamine-B assay on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> extracted silver nitrate has A promising antibacterial action that may help in solving the multidrug resistance bacteria.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_211483_ff16dbdd0b8fd70a27becf30f529c774.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Susceptibility pattern of enteric bacteria isolated during raining season in some areas of Ado-Ekiti to macrolide antibiotics14915910648010.21608/mid.2020.36088.1037ENOluwafemi AdeyemiAjenifujaDepartment of Science Technology, School of Science and Computer Studies, Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria0000-0002-7409-2820OluwakemiOniDepartment of Science Technology, School of Science and Computer Studies, Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, NigeriaJournal Article20200616<strong>Background:</strong> Macrolides are considered one of the oldest classes of antibiotics which have been regarded among the best-tolerated antibiotic for almost several years. They are characterized by their large lactone ring structures and by their growth-inhibiting (bacteriostatic) effects on bacteria. <strong>Aim:</strong> The potency of macrolide antibiotics were determined against enteric bacteria (E. coli, Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp.) isolated during the raining season between June to September in the year 2018 from locations in Ado Ekiti metropolis. The consequences of the presence of these bacteria can be fatal hence the need to investigate their susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics. <strong>Methods:</strong> The bacteria were isolated from well water, soil and drainage samples obtained at Erifun, Omisanjana, Fiyinfoluwa, Ajilosun areas using serial dilution method. <strong>Results:</strong> It was observed that the bacteria were susceptible to 250 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL concentration of Azithromycin, Erythromycin, and Clarithromycin though with varying degrees of susceptibility. Azithromycin showed the highest potency. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The present study indicated samples of the well water, soil and drainage at Erifun, Omisanjana, Ajilosun and Fiyinfoluwa areas of Ado-Ekiti were severely contaminated with E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. this is due to the lack of adequate sanitary measures. However, unhygienic behaviour like indiscriminate disposal of waste and open defecation should be discouraged.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_106480_d9c6a043dcf2d58827844d737c819f9b.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Microbial contamination of some ready-to-eat vended fruits in Sango open-market, Saki, Oyo State, Nigeria1601658829110.21608/mid.2020.29249.1011ENAdeoti OlatudeMicheal1. Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Science, Biological Sciences Unit, The Oke Ogun Polytechnic, Saki
2. Department of Zoology, Cellular Parasitology Programme, University of Ibadan, NigeriaAdeoye KafilatAdenikeDepartment of Zoology, Parasitology Unit, University of Ibadan,NigeriaAdeniya BlessingOluwaseunDepartment Science Laboratory Technology
Microbiology Option, The Oke Ogun Polytechnic, SakiAdesina DavidAdemolaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, NigeriaOlufemi SamsonOlutopeDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, Saki0000-0002-2723-3600Olaoye OpeyemiJoyDepartment of Microbiology, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, SakiAdedokun ElizabethOlajumokeDepartment Of science Laboratory Technology, Microbiology Unit
The Oke Ogun Polytechnic, SakiJournal Article20200402<strong>Background:</strong> Fruits are widely exposed to microbial contamination through contact with soil, dust, water and handling at harvest, during or postharvest processing. It has been recognized that, they can be a source of food borne illnesses that can majorly result to poor hygiene practices and unsanitary conditions at fruit vending points. The main objective of the study was to assess the hygiene status as well as microbial contamination in fruit-vending-businesses in Saki; a Nigerian City. <strong>Methods:</strong> The microbial contamination of ready-to-eat vended fruits in Sango market was examined using standard microbiological methods. A total of eight (8) fruits samples comprising two from each of fresh apples (Malus domestica), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), orange (Citrus sinensis) and carrot (Daucus carota) of vended fruits were screened for total bacterial count. Identifications was made through their colony appearance, microscopic examination on nutrient Agar, selective and differential Agar (EMB, MacConkey, SSA, MRS, Biochemical tests (catalase, sugar,) and Gram staining of the samples. <strong>Results:</strong> Four (4) bacterial species were identified as: <em>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp < /em> and <em>Shigella spp < /em> from the vended fruit samples. The total aerobic plate count ranged from 0.8×10<sup>4</sup>- 0.4×10<sup>4</sup> CFU ml-1 in apple with the highest count among carrot samples and the lowest among orange samples. <strong>Coclusion:</strong> The isolated organisms from the vended fruits showed that contamination mainly occurred due to poor hygiene and environmental factors.</em></em>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_88291_1c707c359eb2ef49cc848c4ad72ee945.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Evaluation of ERG-11 gene expression in azole resistant Candida isolates from various clinical specimens in ICUs16617520187210.21608/mid.2021.95727.1192ENEsraa A.MohamedDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.Alaa MohamedAbo HagarDepartment of Anesthesiology, surgical intensive care and pain medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.Eman E.HegazyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.Journal Article20210912<strong>Background: </strong><em>Candida</em> infection is considered one of the most dangerous infections in intensive care unit patients (ICU). Resistance to azoles is a major challenging condition in treating candida infections. Mutations or overexpression of the ERG 11 gene may contribute to azoles resistance. <strong>Methods:</strong> This prospective study evaluated 300 clinical samples including sputum, blood, urine, wound swabs, and pus obtained from different ICU patients. Different <em>candida</em> species were identified phenotypically by conventional methods and biochemical analysis by API 20 C kit (api® Candida) and confirmed by VITEK 2 compact system using identification yeast ID-YST cards. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the VITEK 2 compact system followed by detection of ERG11-2 gene overexpression by RT-PCR in azoles resistant <em>candida </em>species. <strong>Results:</strong> A total of 165 candida species were detected from 300 clinical samples. <em>C. albicans</em> was identified in 59.4%. Most of <em>C. albicans </em>and <em>non albicans</em> were isolated from sputum samples. Only 17% of the overall isolated <em>Candida </em>species were resistant to fluconazole while 5% were resistant to voriconazole. Overexpression of the ERG11 gene was detected only in 10 isolates. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Increased ERG11 gene expression may be one of the leading causes of azoles resistance among <em>candida</em> species in ICU patients.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 106%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Background:</span></strong><em><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 106%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Candida</span></em><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 106%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"> infection is considered one of the most dangerous infections in intensive care unit patients (ICU). Resistance to azoles is a major challenging condition in treating candida infections. Mutations or overexpression of the ERG11 gene may contribute to azoles resistance. <strong>Methods:</strong> This prospective study evaluated 300 clinical samples including sputum, blood, urine, wound swabs, and pus obtained from different ICU patients. Different <em>candida</em> species were identified phenotypically by conventional methods and biochemical analysis by API 20 C kit (api® Candida) and confirmed by VITEK 2 compact system using identification yeast ID-YST cards. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the VITEK 2 compact system followed by detection of ERG11-2 gene overexpression by RT-PCR in azoles resistant <em>candida </em>species. </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 106%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Results: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 106%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">A total of 165 candida species were detected from 300 clinical samples. <em>Candida albicans</em> (<em>C. albicans)</em> was identified in 59.4%. Most of <em>C. albicans </em>and <em>non albicans</em> were isolated from sputum samples. Only 17% of the overall isolated <em>Candida </em>species were resistant to fluconazole while 5% were resistant to voriconazole. Overexpression of the ERG11 gene was detected only in 10 isolates. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Increased ERG11 gene expression may be one of the leading causes of azoles resistance among <em>candida</em> species in ICU patients.</span>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_201872_093b143faec1dd8b7d1eec595deaedcc.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Candida albicans blastospores and hyphae respond differentially to fluconazole: additional virulence factor of germination process17618420302710.21608/mid.2021.98513.1198ENAtefShehataDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt0000-0002-8522-8703Journal Article20210928<strong>Background:</strong> The morphologic transition from yeasts (blastospores) to hyphae, through the germination process, is a crucial virulence factor of <em>Candida albicans ( C. albicans)</em>, as it enhances adherence, tissue invasion and biofilm formation. The study aimed at comparing fluconazole susceptibility patterns of <em>C. albicans</em> yeast and germinated forms. <strong>Methods: </strong>Six <em>C. albicans</em> strains, including <em>C. albicans</em> ATCC 10231 and 5 clinical isolates were tested in yeast forms and germinated forms for fluconazole susceptibility using CLSI M27-A3 broth microdilution and CLSI M44-A2 disk diffusion reference methods. <strong>Results</strong>: Fluconazole minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 0.125-1 µg/ml and 0.25-4 µg/ml for yeasts and germinated forms, respectively. The sensitivities of yeasts were higher than those of their corresponding germinated forms with 1 to 4-fold dilutions differences. The MIC<sub>50</sub>s of yeasts and germinated forms were 0.125 and 1 µg/ml, respectively, with 3-fold dilution difference, while MIC<sub>90</sub>s were 1 and 4 µg/ml for yeasts and germinated forms, respectively, with 2-fold dilution difference. Means of inhibition zones were 31-46.7 mm and 29.3-43.7 mm for yeasts and germinated forms, respectively. The germinated forms of all tested strains had inhibition zones smaller than those of their corresponding yeast forms with 0.2-4.8 mm differences. There was significant statistical difference in sizes of inhibition zones between yeasts and germinated forms (<em>p </em>= 0.043). <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Yeast and hyphae of <em>C. albicans</em>, both in planktonic state, respond differentially to fluconazole, as the hyphae are less sensitive than their yeasts counterparts, which can be considered as a virulence factor for hyphae, which should be considered in treatment plans of candidal infections. https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_203027_542781d4a9f1cff313f6ffb1339c4943.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Role of special stains in identification of fungi in eumycetoma among Sudanese patients in Soba University Hospital18519119738310.21608/mid.2021.96355.1193ENRawaa AdlanElhadyHistopathology and cytology department,National University, SudanAlkhairIdrisAhfad University for Women, Sudanhttps://orcid.org/00NadiaEldawiDepartment of pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, SudanAhmedFahalDepartment of surgery, University of Khartoum, Sudan0000-0003-4922-7321Journal Article20210816<strong>Background: </strong>Mycetoma is a unique neglected tropical disease caused by a substantial number of microorganisms of fungal or bacterial origins. Identification of the causative organism and the disease extension are the first steps in the management of the affected patients and predicting disease treatment outcome and prognosis. <strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the role of special stain in identification of fungi in eumycetoma among Sudanese patients at Soba University Hospital. <strong>Method: </strong>This descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted of Fifty-nine archival formalin fixed paraffin- embedded tissue blocks, four identical sections from each archival paraffin-embedded tissue block were obtained and stained with routine H&E and special stains {Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS) and Grocott-Gomori silver (GMS) and Gridley stain}, then the collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. <strong>R</strong><strong>esults: </strong>The use of special stains especially periodic acid Schiff’s and Grocott methenamine-silver (GMS) stain are of value (specific and sensitive) in identifying the fungal hyphae and yeast of eumycetoma. Mycetoma is more commonly reported in males than females; also mycetoma is most common in young adults (16–40 years old) and is uncommon in children. No significant relationship was demonstrated between diagnosis and variables (gender, age). Type I and II was the commonest type of the host tissue reaction encountered in this study. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results showed that GMS and PAS had the ability to stain both fungal hyphae and yeast in compare to Gridley’s stain which had some limitations to stain fungal structures.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_197383_481d46474afbb49b4c363bb5abb456ff.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Phytochemical screening, antibacterial potentials and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) of Citrus sinensis leaves extracts.1921989865210.21608/mid.2020.32010.1019ENUSMANADAMUDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of life Science. Bayero University Kano Nigeria.MuhammadYushauDepartment of microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, Bayero University Kano. Nigeria0000-0002-4327-7451BahauddeenSalisuDepartment of microbiology, Faculty of Science, Umar Musa Yar aduwa University Katsina Nigeria.Abdulrazaq MuhammedHussainDepartment of Biological science, faculty of science. Sule Lamido University Jigawa NigeriaJournal Article20200507<strong>Background:</strong> Antibiotic resistance to commonly used antibiotics has made man to resort to the use of their ancestral medicine, by exploiting the numerous potentials in plant parts. Plants were the foremost materials used in folklore medicinal practice and other traditional practices. Studies have indicated important metabolites in plant which have antibacterial potentials. <strong>Aim:</strong> This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during dry season, to determine the phytochemical constituent, antibacterial property and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the plant extract. <strong>Methods:</strong> Extraction of <em>Citrus sinensis</em> (<em>C. sinensis</em>) leaves was performed successively with water and methanol using percolation method. Phytochemical screening to determine the metabolites present in the extract was done. The extracts obtained were tested in vitro for antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of <em>Salmonella typhi</em><em> (S. typhi) </em>and <em>Salmonella paratyphi</em> <em>(S. paratyphi) </em>using agar well diffusion procedure. Extracts were further analyzed using GC-MS to reveals compounds present in the extracts. <strong>Results:</strong> Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, sterols, terpenoids and flavonoids in the extracts. Antimicrobial screening revealed that the extracts exhibited little or no activities against the different isolates with zones diameter of 5mm. Hence, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract and minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts were not determined. The GC-MS revealed the identity of compounds when matched with National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) library. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Important metabolites are present in the extracts, and extracts showed no activity against the test organism at varying extract concentration.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_98652_c73f41706891b7fab800b1b0ef759eba.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera methanolic leaves extracts against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates19920811021810.21608/mid.2020.37760.1045ENMuhammadAbdallah1. Desert Research Monitoring and Control Centre, Yobe State University, Damaturu, NigeriaFatima MuhammadMachina2. Department of Biology, Yobe State University, Damaturu, NigeriaIbrahim A.S.3. Kano University of science and technology Wudil, Kano state, NigeeiaJournal Article20200701<strong>Background:</strong> Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) found to be very useful tree in tropical countries. In folklore and Ayurvedic all parts of the tree used in different healing procedures for different diseases. The plant leaves are very good nutrient supplement for malnutrition and also used as an antibiotic. <strong>Methods:</strong> Phytochemical analysis of the leaf in solvents of varying polarity; viz., Aqueous and Methanol were also carried out. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides etc. <strong>Results:</strong> The antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against four microorganisms, viz. Escherichia coli, Shigella Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus, The Methanolic extract was active against E.coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus whereas the aqueous extract exhibited an inhibitory effect on Pneumonia, E. coli and Shigella only at different zone of inhibition levels of extracts. Well diffusion method was used to assess the antibacterial effect of the extracts on both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms. Moreover, the statistically, results were not significant at both 1% and 5% level of significances. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> It became obvious that, the higher reducing power of the aqueous extract could be due to the better solubility of the antioxidant components in water whereas the predominant antibacterial activity in organic solvent extracts as compared to aqueous extracts, indicated that the active components responsible for the bactericidal activity are more soluble in organic solvents. This study provided an evidence to support traditional medicinal uses of the plant.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_110218_568c7b909cfe618230eb84984fde11ac.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Evaluation of in vitro bactericidal activity of human serum against Salmonella typhi in relation to serogroups20921613137610.21608/mid.2020.52481.1092ENAdoAliyuDepartment of Microbiology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria.0000-0002-5195-4088AhmedIsmailaDepartment of Microbiology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria.MusaHarunaDepartment of Biological Science, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria.ZakariLambuDepartment of Microbiology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria.AdamuShehuDepartment of Microbiology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria.FarukSadisuDepartment of Microbiology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria.Journal Article20201106<strong>Background:</strong> Series of more than 35 proteins facilitated a major role in fighting the foreign invaders in human body and other warm blooded animals, those named complement system. <strong>Methods</strong>: Total of 147 human serum were collected from asymptomatic volunteers by venipuncture, their sero groups were determined by reverse blood grouping method. Strain of <em>Salmonella typhi</em> (<em>S. Typhi) </em>were collected from Wudil general hospital and identified molecularly at center of biotechnological research of Bayero University, Kano. Serum bactericidal assay was done at microbiology laboratory of Wudil general hospital. Data obtained was subjected to two way ANOVA and considered significant at <em>p < span style="text-decoration: underline;"><0.05</em>. <strong>Results:</strong> Complement dependent pathways shows a more than 50% kills, in which both A, AB, B and O kill percent were 74.98%, 67.87%, 78.53% and 78.60% respectively, however, no statistical significant difference. While the non-complement dependent pathways revealed kills percentage of 59.27%, 57.86%, 59.21% and 58.60% for A, AB, B and O sero groups, also no significant statistical difference. Moreover, in comparing the complement and non-complement dependent pathways, data analysis shows a significant difference with p values of <em>0.001</em>,<em> 0.003</em>,<em> 0.006</em> and 0.0008 for A, AB, B and O sero groups respectively.<strong> Conclusion</strong>: We concluded that, ABO sero-groups and complement system plays an important role as infection determinants, where AB sero-group have more chances to <em>S. Typhi</em> infection than other sero-groupings. This study suggests that the effect of many host genetic parameters on treatment of microorganisms needs to be further studied.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_131376_54768fff010111b09dd3ba36f8b37d06.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of leaf and stem bark extracts of Adansonia digitata on E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhi21722313552010.21608/mid.2021.53939.1097ENMohammedBashirDepartment of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria.0000-0002-8610-3873AuwalIbrahimDepartment of Laboratory Technology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, NigeriaMohammedBilyaminuDepartment of Laboratory Technology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria.Rufa’iAliDepartment of Zoology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria.HalimaIsaDepartment of Microbiology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria.Kabir HassanSambo4Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau, NigeriaIbrahimIshaqNational Biotechnology Development Agency, Jalingo, Taraba State, NigeriaJournal Article20201116<strong>Background:</strong> <em>Adansonia digitata </em>L (Baobab) contains different classes of bioactive compounds which were identified from various parts of the plant such as seed, leaves, and roots and also stem bark. The study was designed to determine the antibacterial activityof <em>Adansonia digitata</em> leaf and stem bark extracts. <strong>Methods:</strong> The plant material was extracted using aqueous, ethanol and methanol; and their activity against the three clinical isolates <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli)</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)</em> and <em>Salmonella typhi</em> <em>(S. typhi</em>) was ascertained using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the different extracts were also determined. One way analysis of variance was conducted using Stata/SE11.1 and t-test to determine the significant difference between the effects at <em>p ≤ 0.05</em>. <strong>Results:</strong> The extracts were found to be effective against the tested organisms. The methanolic extracts showed significantly higher activity against the test organisms compared to aqueous and ethanolic extracts (<em>p = 0.000</em>). The result also demonstrated that the leaf extract is more active than the stem bark extract with significant difference (<em>p=0.000</em>). The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited highest inhibitions zone of 19mm and 16mm against <em>E. coli</em> at concentration of 1000mg/mL respectively. The MIC result of the study showed that the methanolic and ethanolic extracts inhibited the growth of the organisms at 25 mg/ml. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts have MBC at 25 mg/mL. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts have significant effect against the test organisms at all concentration tested.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_135520_e5f245d01518be8f9511345ef501a7f9.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Cerebral hydatidosis: Exceptional and challenging form of neurohydatidosis (Review)22422910334010.21608/mid.2020.34833.1035ENSalemBouomraniDepartment of Internal medicine. Military Hospital of Gabes. Gabes 6000. Sfax Faculty of Medicine. University of Sfax. Sfax 3029, Tunisia0000-0003-1885-7806Journal Article20200605Human hydatidosis (cystic echinococcosis) is a parasitic infection still endemic in several countries of the world, particularly in rural areas posing a potential public health problem. The most frequent and classic localizations of human echinococcosis are the liver (75%) and the lungs (15%), but any other sites/organs may be involved by hydatid cyst. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement during this parasitosis (neurohydatidosis) is considered among the so-called “unusual”, “ectopic” or “aberrant” locations. CNS hydatidosis is divided into two major nosological frameworks: brain and spinal involvement. Brain hydatidosis is exceptional with a prevalence estimated at less than 2% of all human hydatidosis, and the majority of cases are reported as sporadic observations.<br /> This localization represents a real diagnostic challenge for clinicians, even in endemic areas. It is characterized by its severity, these heavy functional repercussions and can sometimes be fatal.<br /> The purpose of this review is to familiarize hospital practitioners with this unusual location of hydatid cyst, to avoid its delayed diagnosis and improve its prognosis.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_103340_4457c63f2f44c6a007875d8c490fb896.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41323120220201Prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and risk factors for transmission among primary school children in an endemic urban area of Kinondoni municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania23024016136610.21608/mid.2021.68520.1133ENYonahYangazaDepartment of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaVivianMushiDepartment of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania0000-0001-9732-3057AbdallahZachariaDepartment of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania0000-0001-9380-6158Journal Article20210219<strong>Background:</strong> Schistosomiasis is among the neglected tropical diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality among the vulnerable population including school-aged children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and risk factors for transmission among primary school children in an endemic urban area of Kinondoni municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. <strong>Methods: </strong>A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2020. A total of 250 urine samples were collected from primary school children, examined for haematuria using urinalysis test strips, and<em> Schistosoma haematobium (S.haematobium)</em> infection and intensity using the urine filtration technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on water, sanitation, and hygiene risk factors that could influence the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis. <strong>Results: </strong>Out of 250 primary school children recruited, 13(5.2%) had haematuria, 3(1.2%) had <em>S.haematobium</em> ova, and all were light-intensity infections. Among the assessed risk factors, the following were significantly associated with the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis; type of latrine used at home (<em>p=0.044</em>), frequency of swimming (<em>p=0.030</em>), the children who never swallowed praziquantel (<em>p < 0.00</em>), experienced side effects (<em>p < 0.00</em>), type of side effects experienced (<em>p=0.037</em>), and reasons for not taking praziquantel in the last round of mass drug administration (<em>p=0.007</em>). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The low prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis indicates the ongoing transmission of the disease among primary school children. Frequency of swimming, type of latrines used at home, and non-uptake of praziquantel are the risk factors for the infection among primary school children.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_161366_c0c8bd30e504886285b49cf731c49180.pdf