Zagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Thankfulness to authors, reviewers, and readers60560720208010.21608/mid.2021.202080ENMicrobes And Infectious DiseasesEditorial Board MembersJournal Article20211029With the second year of successful launching Microbes and Infectious Diseases, we’ve received 215 submissions from different countries (Africa: Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Tanzania, Burkina Faso and Benin; Asia: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and China; Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey, Austria, and Italy; Latin America: Cuba and Brazil; and Australia). Although many of our papers are still in the peer review process, we have already published 99 papers online with a 45 % rejection rate. The median time from submission to online publication is 38 days. The Editorial Board Members have worked hard to meet the goals of Microbes and Infectious Diseases in delivering timely decisions and maintaining publication of high-quality papers through vigorous and scientific peer review process. Besides, we believe that authors’ response to the valuable comments of our editors and reviewers is a cornerstone for impacting in the international research community. We would like to introduce our deep thanks to 68 individual reviewers who give so freely of their time and expertise to critically evaluating manuscripts for the journal.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_202080_9782917b17904b2edf66ccf5d0159ea2.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101The trend of Hong Kong confirmed cases after starting COVID-19 vaccination plan60861019787510.21608/mid.2021.97232.1195ENSiukanLawDepartment of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong0000-0002-0454-2048Albert WingnangLeungSchool of Nursing, Tung Wah College, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong KongChuanshanXuKey Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, ChinaJournal Article20210902The COVID-19 vaccination plan was officially launched on February 26 and implemented five months already. 480,000 people were completely vaccinated and around one-third population (280,000 people) were receiving the first dosage of vaccination. Is there any effect to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic vaccination plan?<br />According to the Centre for Health Protection data, there are 1506 confirmed cases from 1/2/2021 to 18/7/2021 including 658 males and 848 females. It has 1427 Hong Kong and 79 Non-Hong Kong residents. They are classified as 255 local cases (Hong Kong), 598 epidemiologically linked with local cases (Hong Kong), 636 Imported cases (Other countries), and 11 Epidemiologically linked with imported cases (Other countries).<br />Based on the above information, the number of confirmed cases decrease sharply within February to June, it is nearly ten times. From February to March, the major confirmed cases are local and epidemiologically linked with local cases. However, local and epidemiologically linked with local cases drop down between February to April. The imported cases become the major source of confirmed cases and only observe a few local cases. Female confirmed cases are much higher than the male. (To be continued)...https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_197875_dc9b69c99ab0d06531ffc5e1191de86b.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Non culturable bacteria associated with COVID-19: More details are demanded61161219464110.21608/mid.2021.92689.1186ENFalah Hasan ObayesAL-KhikaniDepartment of Microbiology, Al- Shomali general hospital, Babil, Iraq0000-0002-8890-7090Journal Article20210805Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a zoonotic infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with the extreme acute respiratory syndrome. Coronavirus is a zoonotic infection with a positive polarity RNA envelope that belongs to the Coronaviridae family. There are four recognized genera of coronavirus, however on January 10, 2020, a new coronavirus arose in Wuhan, China, causing a serious pulmonary outbreak. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 appears to be the third highly deadly human coronavirus to develop in the recent two decades, following SARS coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.<br /> Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection associated with a bacterial pathogen (combined viral and bacterial pneumonia) was described in COVID-19. Secondary bacterial pneumonia can develop after a viral respiratory illness has cleared up or during the healing period.<br /> In fatal instances, bacterial infections are more prevalent than in recovered patients. If bacterial infections are the cause of death in COVID-19, this has significant implications for patient treatment.<br /> The death rate for patients who acquired secondary infections was 56.7 %, compared to 10.6 % for all COVID-19 patients hospitalized. In 78 % of the cases, Gram-negative bacteria were found. The most common pathogen was <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> (29 %), followed by <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> (21%).<em> Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> (9.6%) and <em>Escherichia coli</em> (8.2%). methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> was isolated only in 1.29%. High levels of carbapenem resistance were seen in <em>Acinetobacter baumannii </em>(92.6%) followed by <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae </em>(72.8%).<br /> According to recent research, bacterial co-infection occurred in 3.1–3.5% of COVID-19 patients at admission, with subsequent bacterial infections occurring in up to 15% of patients following hospitalization.<br /> Atypical organisms linked to COVID-19 are organisms that are difficult to grow and do not show up on a gram stain. Because antibiotics must be able to enter intracellularly to reach their intended target, they are difficult to separate and treat due to their intracellular nature. Because atypical organisms lack cell walls, such as <em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em>, the most prevalent, beta-lactam antibiotics are not indicated. Antibiotic resistance, poor compliance, and an inability to take oral medicines are all factors that contribute to treatment failure. Furthermore, some individuals may have obstructive lung lesions or a misdiagnosis.<br /> Atypical pneumonia can be contracted from a variety of causes. <em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em>, which is associated with close living conditions such as at school and military barracks, legionella from stagnant water sources, <em>Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Coxiella brunette</em>, and <em>Francisella tularensis </em>from various mammalian sources are among the most commonly identified atypical pathogens. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Secondary infections in COVID-19 patients have been linked to poor health outcomes. Non-culturable bacteria have been associated with death in COVID-19 patients, and they may require a specific antibiotic to preserve the patient's life. More research is needed to validate this issue, as there is currently little evidence available.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_194641_8c27720bac85833a3be0f4a6e1961160.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Role of hemogram-derived ratios and systemic-Immune inflammation index in prediction of COVID-19 progression in Egyptian patients61362218768110.21608/mid.2021.84684.1168ENSara I.TahaDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt0000-0001-8224-8701Sara F.SamaanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.Shereen A.BaioumyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.0000-0002-2188-6790Aalaa K.ShataDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.Aya H.MoussaDepartment of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0003-4680-2204Shaimaa A.AbdalgeleelDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0003-0994-7703Mariam K.YoussefDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0003-2075-3889Journal Article20210702<strong><span>Background: </span></strong><span>Early detection of COVID-19 patients with potentially severe disease is crucial for predicting the disease's course and prioritizing medical resources, lowering overall disease mortality. <strong>Objectives:</strong> To explore the role of baseline hemogram-derived ratios and systemic-immune inflammation index (SII), in addition to C-reactive protein (CRP), in predicting COVID-19 severity and prognosis. <strong>Methods:</strong> In this retrospective study, data were collected from the medical records of 425 COVID-19 patients. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and SII, together with the CRP, were investigated and compared. <strong>Results:</strong> NLR, PLR, SII, and CRP increased significantly in severe cases and with ICU admission (<em>p < /em> ≤ 0.001). But, in non-survivors, only NLR and CRP were significantly elevated (<em>p < /em><0.05). By interpreting area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC), CRP and NLR were better predictors of disease severity (AUC: 0.7 for both), the need for ICU admission (AUC: 0.763 and 0.727, respectively), and in-hospital mortality (AUC: 0.812 and 0.75, respectively). SII was significantly associated with the risk of severe disease development (odds ratio (OR): 3.143; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.101-8.976); CRP (OR: 2.902; CI95%: 1.342-6.273) and NLR (OR: 2.662; CI95%, 1.072-6.611) were significantly associated with ICU admission risk; and only CRP was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality risk (OR: 3.988; CI95%: 1.460-10.892). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Values of CRP, SII, and NLR at the time of hospital admission could be independent prognostic biomarkers to predict COVID-19 progression.</em></em></span>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_187681_e38bc7ccce9e1531be95965615421ba7.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Interferon- gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10) serum level and natural killer cell count as predictive factors for the severity of COVID-1962363118725710.21608/mid.2021.86384.1172ENMai Mustafa MounirYasinDepartment of Medical Microbiology & Immunology
Faculty of Medicine
Ain Shams University
Cairo, EgyptRihamEl-AsadyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
Faculty of Medicine
Ain Shams UniversityNesma Gamal AhmedElsheikhGeriatric and Gerontology Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University
Cairo0000-0003-0803-171CManal MohammedMokhtarDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
Faculty of Medicine
Ain Shams University
Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20210615<strong>Background:</strong> The immune mechanisms underlying the pathology of COVID-19 are currently under immense scrutiny. Following NK and T cell activation, a surge of proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines such IP-10, are found to increase. These cytokines stimulate the adaptive immune response and recruit other immune cells to the site of infection. Paradoxically, NK cells are known to be decreased in the peripheral circulation of severely ill COVID patients. It is not clear if this decrease in number is due to cell depletion or due to recruitment to sites of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between IP-10 levels and peripheral NK cell numbers and if this correlates with diseases severity. <strong>Methods</strong>: The study involved 30 patients divided into 2 groups (moderate and severe) depending on disease severity, as well as 15 age- and gender-matched controls. Serum IP-10 levels were assessed by ELISA and determination of NK cell numbers were determined by flow cytometry. <strong>Results:</strong> The results demonstrate an inverse relationship between NK cell numbers and IP-10 levels. Moreover, severely ill patients characteristically displayed decreased peripheral NK cell numbers and increased serum IP-10 levels in a manner that correlates with disease severity. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results demonstrate that disease severity is associated with increased production of chemokines such as IP-10 in the serum which may be involved in the recruitment of NK cells to peripheral tissues such as the lung, which may partially explain the decreased NK cell number associated with severe pathology. https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_187257_3a14012e68396d9be7fe12eb3c636583.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Knowledge, perception and practices toward COVID-19 among care receivers attending a University Medical Center in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study63264119018810.21608/mid.2021.86886.1173ENBalaUmarDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, NigeriaNuhuMuhammadDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.Kabiru HaliruAhmadDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.0000-0002-6135-553XKhadijahUsmanAhmadu Bello University Medical Centre, Zaria, NigeriaRahmanKhaleequrAhmadu Bello University Medical Centre, Zaria, NigeriaJournal Article20210708<strong><span>Background:</span></strong><span> </span><span>Knowledge is one of the contributing factors formulating the perception and attitude of people towards disease outbreaks, which in turn drives compliance to effective prevention and control measures. The current cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, perception and practices (KPP) towards COVID-19 pandemic among care receivers attending Ahmadu Bello University medical center (ABUMC) in Zaria, Nigeria. <strong>Methods</strong>: Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires which covered demographic characteristics and related KPP questions. Responses were tabulated, frequencies and percentages were computed for descriptive purposes, while independent t-test and ANOVA were used to depict statistical differences between demographic groups. <strong>Results</strong>: Among the 150 participants who answered the questionnaires, 58.7% were female, 62.0% were undergraduate students at various level of studies, 25.5% held a bachelor degree, about half of them (52.7%) never married, and have mean age of 29.90 ±10.66 years. Majority of the participants, especially women are knowledgeable about COVID-19 with overall mean knowledge score of 4.91 ±1.68 (70.14%). Similarly, 16-25years age range, and higher educational status were found to possess significantly (<em>p < /em><0.05) higher mean knowledge score. They hold positive perceptions, and have correct practices towards COVID-19 prevention. However, significant proportion of the participants (12.0%) believed that the disease does not exist in Nigeria. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: This study has demonstrated that, majority of the care receivers attending ABUMC have good knowledge, perception and practices toward COVID-19. Nevertheless, certain knowledge gaps and bad practices toward the pandemic were equally identified, which highlight the need to reiterate targeted health awareness campaigns about the pandemic in Nigeria.</em></span>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_190188_960afd30a9f3f185324cf0ddcde69c99.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Comparative study between the therapeutic effect of Remdesivir versus Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19 hospitalized patients.64265018964310.21608/mid.2021.85877.1177ENMaii AtefShams EldeenAssistant professor of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.0000-0002-4112-8866Mohamed SamirAbdelghafarAssistant professor of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care and Pain, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. Egypt.Hoda AliIbrahimlecturer of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. Egypt.AlshimaaAboalsoudlecturer of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. Egypt.Marwa SamyTahaLecturer of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.0000-0002-5850-8160Journal Article20210630<strong>Background:</strong> Up till now, no evidence based studies have recommended specific therapeutic modality to treat corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19). Many regimens were tested since the outbreak has started. Among commonly tested drugs are Hydroxychloroquine, an antimalarial agent, which was proposed based on its anti-inflammatory as well as antiviral effects and Remdesivir, an antiviral that showed invivo and invitro activity against the formerly known corona-viruses The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approved using Remdesivir in the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19. <strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness of Remdesivir versus Hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 in terms of infectivity period in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> Fifty patients that were clinically diagnosed with Covid-19 admitted to Tanta University Isolation Hospital from June - September, 2020 were included in this study and divided into 2 groups. Group I had Hydroxychloroquine as the main therapeutic agent in their treatment regimen, while group II had the antiviral Remdesivir instead. Laboratory testing involved nasopharyngeal swabbing which was transported immediately to Tanta University Hospital laboratory for Real-time PCR. <strong>Results:</strong> There was a significant better outcome and shorter infectivity period in group 2 who received the antiviral Remdesivir. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Remdesivir showed significant better outcome in COVID-19 hospitalized patients, as it reduced period needed for clinical improvement while administration of Hydroxychloroquine was not associated with better outcome or increased risk to the patients.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_189643_49e9e70a5e1a8a0d8d99ea765f0b8e05.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Predictors of deterioration of mild cases with COVID-19 during the third wave65166119424910.21608/mid.2021.88427.1178ENMohamedAboelmagdDepartment of Endemic and infectious diseases, Faculty of medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt0000-0002-0466-8628MariamHassanDepartment of Internal medicine, Ahmed Maher Teaching Hospital, Cairo, EgyptFatma RagehMohamedDepartment of infectious diseases, gastroenterology and hepatology, Faculty of medicine, Suez University, Suez, EgyptNagehLouisDepartment of Endemic and infectious diseases, Faculty of medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt0000-0003-1026-669xJournal Article20210730<strong>Background:</strong> The global pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) still growing and its death toll has been progressing massively as well disregarding the human and financial resources. This necessitates early detection of severe cases and treats them promptly. Thus, in this study, we aimed at identification of predictors of deterioration of mild cases of COVID-19. <strong>Methods</strong>: In this case control study, we included 137 subjects with confirmed COVID-19 from Suez Canal University Hospital. Baseline characteristics, laboratory and radiological data were documented. These variables were compared between those who witnessed deterioration (cases) and those who did not (control). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of deterioration. <strong>Results</strong>: Fifteen out of 137 patients experienced clinical deterioration. Age, marital status, smoking status, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease and chronic liver disease (CLD), and high mean of computed topography (CT score) were more prevalent among deteriorated patients; nevertheless, anosmia and loss of taste were characteristic of non-deteriorated cases. The latter group had relatively low mean lymphocytes, neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio (N/L ratio), albumin, and high mean of inflammatory markers. Logistic regression revealed that only diabetes, chronic liver disease, albumin, LDH, CT score were significant predictors of deterioration.Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve revealed that CT score was the most sensitive and specific indicator for prediction of deterioration. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Many clinical data, laboratory and radiological features were more prominent in deteriorated cases, but DM, CLD, albumin, LDH and CT score were significant predictors of deterioration.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_194249_f52d1a40f6861541f095bbd79a6d0f5c.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Antimycobacterial, anticancer, and antiviral properties of probiotics: An overview66267110133910.21608/mid.2020.34124.1029ENChiromAartiDepartment of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaChiromMartinaDepartment of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, IndiaAmeerKhusroDepartment of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaJournal Article20200529<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in sufficient amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. Bacteria are the dominant group of microbes in the naturally fermented foods. Major genera of probiotics associated with fermented foods are<em> Lactobacillus </em>spp.,<em> Lactococcus </em>spp.,<em> Leuconostoc </em>spp.,<em> Macrococcus </em>spp.,<em> Pediococcus </em>spp.,<em> Bacillus </em>spp.,and <em>Bifidobacterium </em>spp. Currently, the beneficial aspects of probiotics on human health and nutrition are constantly increasing. Probiotic bacteria are known to exhibit potential activities against infectious diseases causing pathogens, particularly various species of <em>Mycobacterium</em>. Probiotics are considered to prevent tumor growth by maintaining homeostasis mechanisms. Substantial research activities showed that probiotics had antiproliferative or pro-apoptotic activities against various human cancer cells. In addition, probiotics have exhibited their potential role as antiviral agents against several groups of viruses. This review overviews the antimycobacterium, anticancer, and antiviral traits of probiotics isolated from different sources for its pivotal therapeutic applications in the future.</span>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_101339_336b7700f14ad19254a9a0199134008c.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Liver cirrhosis and concomitant gastric Helicobacter Pylori infection67268111267910.21608/mid.2020.41264.1058ENGirishPatiGastroenterology,
IMS and SUM Hospital,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India0000-0002-9389-1425AyaskantaSinghGastroenterology,
IMS and SUM Hospital,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India0000-0001-6247-1180JimmyNarayanGastroenterology,
IMS and SUM Hospital,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India0000-0002-8451-1558ManasBeheraGastroenterology,
IMS and SUM Hospital,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India0000-0001-6837-1893ManojSahuGastroenterology,
IMS and SUM Hospital,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaDebakantaMishraGastroenterology,
IMS and SUM Hospital,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India0000-0002-7411-5674ShobhitAgarwalGastroenterology,
IMS and SUM Hospital,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India0000-0001-9777-291XChinmayeeKarIMS and SUM Hospital; Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaJournal Article20200803<strong>Background: </strong>Cirrhosis of liver causes a lot of morbidities and mortalities. Around one third Indians had <em>Helicobacter Pylori (H.Pylori)</em> infection, whose effect in disease course of cirrhosis is poorly defined. Therefore this study was undertaken with an aim to find out variable effects of<em> Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection in cirrhotic patients. <strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional, observational, open labeled, non interventional, single centered study was carried out in the Department of Gastroenterology of Institute of Medical Sciences (I.M.S.) & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar in between January 2018 and December 2019. Consecutive cirrhotic cases attending the hospital were enrolled in the study, after undergoing biochemical, radiological and endoscopic evaluation. All of them also subjected to rapid urease test (RUT) to rule out <em>Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection. <strong>Results: </strong>Total 864 cirrhotic cases were included in this study, amongst which male outnumbered female. Mean age of presentation was 48.24±10.77 years. Alcohol was the most common etiology. Around 57.4% of cirrhosis cases had <em>Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection. 70.96% of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and 50% of cryptogenic cirrhosis cases had<em> Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection, whereas none of chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) related cirrhotic had rapid urease test (RUT) positivity. Cases with <em>Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection presented early and had relatively higher prevalence of higher grade of Esophageal Varix, Portal hypertensive Gastropathy, Duodenal ulcer, Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia, Gastroesophageal Varix II compared to cases without <em>Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection. The prognostic score such as model for end stage liver disease (MELD) was relatively higher in cases without<em> Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection compared to cases with <em>Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our study, we found most of cirrhotic cases had alcoholic liver disease and were male. Around half of cases had<em> Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection and earlier presentation. Although the cases with<em> Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection had relatively higher endoscopic severity but had lower prognostic score compared to cases without <em>Helicobacter Pylori</em> infection, which should be validated in future by further studies.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_112679_db5cbac1da6226bd1e90516c1c97b4bf.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Prevalence of anti-measles antibodies in infants from 0 to 9 months: case of three hospitals in the city of Douala (Cameroon)68268911989510.21608/mid.2020.45386.1071ENCECILEOKALLADepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala. Laboratory of Clinical Biology General Hospital, Douala, Cameroon.0000-0003-2460-6712DAVIDDONFACKDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, CameroonCALIXTE IDAPENDADepartment of Clinical Sciences – Faculty of Medecine and Pharmaceutical Sciences – University of Douala – CameroonHENRYESSOMEDepartment of Surgery and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Cameroon.DANIELEKOUMDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Cameroon. Department of Surgery and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Cameroon. Pediatric Unit, Gyneco-obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, Doula, CameroonEMMANUEL RODDYMENGUELaboratory of Clinical Biology, General Hospital, Douala, CameroonACHILLECHUENGOUELaboratory of Clinical Biology, General Hospital, Douala, CameroonDIEUDONNEADIOGODepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, CameroonJournal Article20200907<strong>Background:</strong> Measles is an acute infection, usually occurring in childhood, caused by a virus of the <em>Paramyxoviridae</em> family. Infants born to mothers immunized against measles benefit from the transplacental transfer of anti-measles antibodies of the IgG type, and are in principle protected against infection in the first months of life. <strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was carried out on infants born at term and not vaccinated against measles, in three hospitals in the city of Douala (General Hospital, Gynaecologic Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital and Laquintinie Hospital). The qualitative and quantitative research of type G immunoglobulins in serum or plasma was carried out by the ELISA technique using the "Measles Virus IgG<sup>TM</sup>" kits, followed by a colorimetric reading. Sociodemographic and biological data were collected and analyzed. <strong>Results: </strong>A total of 178 infants were recruited of which 54.5% were male. The average age was 3 months ± 2.6 and the most common age group was 0 to 1 month. Antibody levels ranged from 8 to 5,700 mIU/ml and 39.9% of infants had protective levels against measles. The presence of antibodies based on age was 81.1% in 0-1 months infants, 51.1% 1-3 months, and 8.2% 3-6 months, respectively. Only one of them was protected in the 6 to 9 month age group. We observed a significant association between infant age, maternal history of measles and the rate of protected infants. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The frequency of maternal antibodies in infants was low. Strategies should be put in place to strengthen the fight against this resurgent disease.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_119895_d100f825344bcb631ef6a271fb4a8e95.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Contribution of XPERT MTB/RIF® in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Ziguinchor, Senegal69069611841910.21608/mid.2020.43109.1063ENHabibouSARRHealth Sciences Training and Research Unit, University of Ziguinchor, Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department of the hospital PAIX of Ziguinchor, Senegal0000-0002-5683-4763Aissatou AhmetNIANGFaculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Dakar, SenegalBaidyDIEYEFaculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Dakar, SenegalAmadouDIOPFaculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Dakar, SenegalFatoumataDIALLOFaculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Dakar, SenegalRokhayaDIAGNEHealth Sciences Training and Research Unit, University of Thies, Dakar, SenegalSeynabouLOHealth Sciences Training and Research Unit, Saint Louis University, Dakar, SenegalKalilouDIALLOHealth Sciences Training and Research Unit, University of Ziguinchor, Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department of the hospital PAIX of Ziguinchor, SenegalAhmad IyaneSOWFaculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Dakar, SenegalJournal Article20200907Introduction ─ Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is resistant to isoniazid and/or rifampicin. It is favored by poverty and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. This retrospective, descriptive study aimed to determine the contribution of Xpert MTB/RIF® in the diagnosis of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in a semi-urban environment at the Peace Hospital of Ziguinchor in Senegal during the period from April 2015 to August 2019.<br />Methodology ─ The study is retrospective, descriptive and carried out in the laboratory of Ziguinchor Hospital de la Paix, in southern Senegal, from April 2015 to August 2019. All respiratory specimens were subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen-stained smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF® testing.<br />Results ─ 180 samples, i.e. 6.4% were microscopy-negative but positive in Xpert MTB/RIF® testing. 32 patients (1%) are infected with rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis, against 29% of patients (798/2794) infected with susceptible strains.<br />Conclusion ─ Tuberculosis is not longer a “disease of the past”. Having a high cost, Xpert MTB/RIF® testing must be associated with microscopy, which remains accessible in semi-urban areas and is easy to perform.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_118419_d5ce39578afaae02c4801eb66a27e97e.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Blood stream infection in an intensive care unit, a comparative study on the impact of infection control trained versus untrained nursing staff69770510465610.21608/mid.2020.34736.1032ENReemAbdelrahmanDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University.0000-0002-3566-2050AshwaqAbutalebDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University.0000-0002-3014-6380MarwaAbdelazeemDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University.NisreenElbadawyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University.0000-0003-2676-1062Journal Article20200605Background: Blood stream infection (BSI) is characterized by high morbidity and mortality between patients. Procalcitonin (PCT) is released by thyroid gland in response to such infection. Adherence to infection control is fundamental to decrease blood stream infection rates.<br /> The aim: Observing role of infection control program on the prevalence of blood stream infection. Evaluating PCT as rapid marker for infection and sepsis.<br />Methods: patients were divided into group one 33 patients cared by 20 infection control trained nurses and group two of 33 patients cared by 20 non-trained nurses. Incidence of blood stream infection was calculated in both groups by blood culture. Procalcitonin was evaluated as rapid marker diagnosing infection earlier than blood culture and differentiating between causative bacteria.<br />Results: prevalence of blood stream infection in group two was 51.5% vs 9.1% in group one. Procalcitonin highest levels were significantly associated with severity of infection and sepsis. <br />Conclusion: prevalence of blood stream infection was significantly higher among patients in group two. Cared by infection control trained nurses. Procalcitonin can be used as a rapid diagnostic marker for blood stream infection.<br />Recommendations: The study recommends application of frequent infection control training and using procalcitonin as early diagnostic marker for blood stream infection.<br />Key words: Blood stream infection, infection control measures, procalcitonin.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_104656_9f60c32fc5eaad9c032b8edca585013e.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Antibiotic sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated from urinary catheters in urinary tract infections’ patients70671411999410.21608/mid.2020.44217.1067ENMohammedBashirDepartment of Microbiology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria0000-0002-8610-3873H.IsaDepartment of Microbiology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, NigeriaK.ChimbekujwoDepartment of Microbiology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, NigeriaN. A.KachallaDepartment of Microbiology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, NigeriaA. B.UmarDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, NigeriaM.BilyaminuDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, NigeriaJournal Article20200805<strong><span lang="EN-GB">Background:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span>Urinary catheterization is a common procedure found in hospitals, and is even more common in intensive care units. There are risk factors associated with urinary tract infection (UTI), of which the use of a urinary catheter accounts for more than 80% of all health care associated UTIs. This study was conducted to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria associated with urinary catheters from UTI patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> Urine samples were collected aseptically from a removed catheter within 24hours of insertion and cultured on blood agar and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED) and identified. Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. <strong>Results: </strong>A total of 47 isolates were obtained, <em>E. coli</em> 15(31.92%), <em>P. aeruginosa</em> 4(8.51%), <em>P. mirabilis</em> 5(10.64%), <em>P. vulgaris</em> 5(10.64%), <em>K. pneumonia</em> 3(6.38%), <em>S. aureus</em> 11(23.40%), <em>S. saprophyticus</em> 4(8.51%) and showed various degrees of resistance and susceptibility to various antibiotics. <em>E. coli </em>was 73.3% and 66.7% resistance to gentamycin and cefotaxime respectively<em>. P. aeruginosa </em>showed 100% and 50% resistance to Nitrofurantoin and cefatoxine respectively, <em>P. mirabilis</em> showed 100% resistance to cefatoxine and 60% to gentamycin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline.<em> P. vulgaris </em>was also 100% resistance to gentamycin, ampicillin, cefotaxime and 80% to tetracycline. <em>K. Pneumonia </em>showed 100% resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin and norfloxacin. <em>S. Saprophyticus </em>showed 100% resistance to only teicoplanin. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to at least one antibiotic. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thebacterial pathogens associated with infection in urinary catheters in this study respond to different antibiotics at different degrees ranging from sensitive to resistant. </span>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_119994_69fbb98eef120ad6a77f9daad50931b0.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Identification of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) causing hospital-acquired infections in Suez Canal University Hospitals, Egypt by detection of its major virulence determinants71572411806710.21608/mid.2020.41062.1057ENMohamed AAl SweifySuez Canal University, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Ismailia, EgyptAtefRaheelSuez Canal University, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Ismailia, Egypt0000000246626629HassanAboul-AttaSuez Canal University, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Ismailia, EgyptGehanEl-HadidySuez Canal University, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Ismailia, EgyptWaheedHessamSuez Canal University, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Ismailia, EgyptJournal Article20200704<strong><span lang="EN-GB">Background:</span></strong><span>Community acquired methicillin resistant <em>staphylococcus aureus</em> (CA-MRSA) is emerging in hospitals, worldwide. <strong>Method:</strong> In </span><span lang="EN-GB">Suez Canal University Hospitals</span><span>(SCUH), we documented CA-MRSA causing hospital acquired- (HA-) sepsis, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of CA-MRSA major virulence determinant genes, namely: Panton-Valentine leukocidin "<em>pvl</em>", accessory regulator "<em>agr</em>" I and III, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec "<em>SCCmec</em>" genes IV and V. Antibiograms were determined by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). <strong>Results:</strong> Methicillin resistant <em>staphylococcus aureus</em> was detected in 90 hospital acquired infections (HAIs), including bacteremia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, soft tissue infections, and meningitis. <em>Pvl </em>gene, characterizing CA-MRSA, was detected in 24/90 MRSA strains (26.7%). Pvl+ve strains were subtyped into SCCmec gene type II (8.3%), type IV (75%), type V (8.3%), and 8.3% were non-typeable. They showed only <em>agr </em>group I (62.5%), and III (37.5%). Co-trimoxazole resistance was detected in 41.6% of CA-MRSA. Only 12.5% of CA-MRSA strains were susceptible to all non-beta-lactam drugs. There was no statistical correlation between <em>SCCmec</em> or <em>agr</em> groups, and co-trimoxazole resistance in CA-MRSA; nor between <em>SCCmec</em> types and <em>agr</em> groups. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Community aquired-MRSA is emerging in all wards of SCU hospitals, causing HAI, mostly soft tissue infections. The classical antibiogram of CA-MRSA is no longer prevailing. Diagnosis of CA-MRSA should rely upon detection of <em>pvl</em> gene, rather that clinical and antibiogram-profiles. The name "CA-MRSA" is no longer satisfactory to describe such strains in hospital settings; instead, <em>Pvl</em> +ve MRSA is more accurate and reliable term to use.</span>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_118067_d5370d3a5131b3825b10165114717447.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Characterization of Enterococci isolated from intensive care unit (ICU); Distribution of virulence markers, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance pattern72573518469310.21608/mid.2021.76391.1158ENNahedFahmydepartment of medical microbiology& immunology-faculty of medicine- sohag university- Sohag- Egypt0000-0001-9688-635XAbdelhady RagabAbdel-GawadDepartment of clinical and chemical pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt
.Ghada Abd El-GaberRezkDepartment of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt.Ekram Abdel-RahmanMahmoudmedical microbiology & immunology department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, EgyptJournal Article20210507<strong>Background:</strong> Enterococci are considered as the third most common cause of nosocomial infections. Enterococci acquire antibiotic resistance by gene transfer. Virulence factors facilitate colonization and evasion from the immune system. Our objectives were to evaluate the distribution of virulence markers and genes among Enterococci isolated from intensive care unit (ICU) in Sohag University Hospital and to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of enterococci. <strong>Methods:</strong> Virulence markers were detected by gelatinase test, caseinase test, slime layer production and modified micro titer plate method. PCR is used for identification of enterococcal species and detection of virulence genes as <em>gel E, asa 1, esp, hyl</em> and <em>cyl A</em>. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed by disc diffusion method by using ampicillin, vancomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and teichoplanin. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured by E-test. <strong>Results:</strong> Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) was detected in 38.4 % of isolates. There was no significant difference in the distribution of all virulence markers between <em>E.</em> <em>faecalis</em> and <em>E. faecium</em>. The <em>hyl</em> gene was more commonly detected in <em>E. faecalis</em> (p-value= 0.01). Enterococci isolated from cases of surgical site infection (SSI) , pneumonia and sepsis contain multiple virulence genes with the highest percentage. Vancomycin resistance was higher in <em>gel E</em> positive and asa1 positive <em>E. faecalis</em> than negative <em>E. faecalis</em>. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 57.6% of Enterococci. <em>E. faecalis</em> and <em>E. faecium</em> have the same degree of virulence. An association was noted between the <em>esp < /em> & <em>asa 1</em> genes and biofilm formation.</em>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_184693_80ed20c0d632c2979d46776d598543fd.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Antibiotic susceptibility and capsular genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing children with chronic respiratory diseases.73674718530810.21608/mid.2021.76739.1167ENFatma ElzahraaAbdallahMicrobiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, EgyptMahaFathyMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, EgyptEmanFoudaPediatrics department, faculty of Medicine,Ain shams university, EgyptHebaFahmyPediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, EgyptNermeenAbdallahMedical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain shams university, Egypt0000-0003-0636-0456Journal Article20210603Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a main pathogen causing acute infectious exacerbations in chronic lung diseases (CLD) children. Determining the local antibiotic susceptibility pattern of colonizing strains in these patients is crucial for empirical therapy. Moreover, identifying prevalent types is important to evaluate the effectiveness of available vaccines. <br />This study aimed to detect antibiotic susceptibility and searching for some capsular gene types among S. pneumoniae isolates colonizing respiratory tract in CLD children. <br />Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected from 51 CLD children undergoing bronchoscopy in Ain Shams University Pediatric Hospital. All identified S. pneumoniae isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Two-steps sequential multiplex PCR technique was performed to detect capsular gene types: [3/ 22f/(22A) / 19A / 6A/6B /4 / 14/ 12F/(12A) / 9V/(9A).<br />Results: From 51 BAL samples, 32 (62.75%) pneumococcal strains were isolated. Most of the isolates had capsular gene type 6A/6B (65.6%). Capsular gene type 14 was detected in 25% of isolates. In 9.4% of strains, capsular type could not be identified. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. The lowest resistance rate was to levofloxacin (6.3%) and linezolid (9.4%), while the highest rates were to clindamycin (71.9%) and erythromycin (68.8%). <br />Conclusion: S. pneumoniae colonizing CLD children showed high resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin thus highlighting the importance of antimicrobial stewardship programs in all levels of healthcare. Capsular gene type 6A/6B was the commonest colonizing type suggesting that CLD children can benefit from the currently available PCV13 vaccine.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_185308_573ebfe9d0adb66d6d2778f971c5b356.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Detection of colistin resistant E. coli in children at pediatric hospital of Assiut University, using phenotypic and genotypic Methods74875918753410.21608/mid.2021.82048.1165ENAliaaGhandourMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptShabanSrorGastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.MarwaSabetDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, New-Assiut, EgyptRagaaRashwanMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptJournal Article20210628<strong>Background:</strong> The emergence of colistin-resistant strains is considered a great threat for the children suffering from diarrhea. This study aimed to screen for the presence of <em>mcr-1</em> in <em>Escherichia coli (E. coli) </em>isolates collected from children with diarrhea and to compare between genotypic and phenotypic methods for detection of colisitin resistant <em>E.coli</em> carrying <em>mcr-1</em>gene. <strong>Methods:</strong> Isolation of <em>E.coli</em> was done followed by antimicrobial susceptibility test. Kirby-Baur disc diffusion was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility, whereas broth microdilution (BMD) and the double disc synergy test (DDST) were used to determine colistin resistance. The screening for <em>mcr-1</em> was used to investigate one probable mechanism of colistin resistance by PCR. <strong>Results:</strong> All <em>mcr-1 E.coli</em> isolates were resistant to ampicillin, while resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam, cefazolin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol was 94.1% (32/34), 94.1% (32/34), 94.1% (32/34), 85.3% (29/34) and 70.6% (24/34) respectively. All <em>mcr-1</em>carrying <em>E. coli</em> strains were sensitive to tobramycin, amikacin and imipenem. Moderate resistance was noticed to piperacillin/ tazobactam(23/34) 67.6%, gentamycin 47.1% (16/34), and ciprofloxacin 44.1% (15/34). Thirty-one (91.2 %) <em>mcr-1 </em>positive<em>E. coli</em> strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). Forty five out of 95 (47.4%) of <em>E.coli</em> isolates were positive for <em>mcr-1</em> by DDST and 34 /95 (35.78%) of <em>E. coli</em> isolates were positive for <em>mcr-1 </em>by PCR. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study reported a high prevalence of colistin resistant <em>E. coli </em>harboring <em>mcr-1</em> gene in young children in Pediatric Hospital of Assiut University. Broth microdilution is more accurate than DDST in detection of colistin resistance.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_187534_40d4ec0078b6a9481952479352cc5d51.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Phenotypic detection of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae and characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase(KPC) producing Klebsiella pneumonia76076610654910.21608/mid.2020.36999.1040ENAbidemi EstherOjodepartment of Microbiology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria0000-0001-6359-4086Seun OwolabiAdebajoMicrobiology Department, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.Kolapo AFasinaBiotechnology Division, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 1049, Iyanomo, Benin City, Edo State, NigeriaBolutifeOdejinmiMicrobiology Department, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.Olugbenga AnthonyOjoDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, NigeriaAbiolaOoladotunMicrobiology Department, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.JOSHUAIbeahaMicrobiology Department, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.Journal Article20200623<strong><span lang="EN-GB">Background:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) pose a great threat to the public health sector as a result of its high communicability, high morbidity and mortality rates. This study investigated the occurrence of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae and the prevalence of <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> carbapenemase (KPC) producing <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> as a mechanism of resistance<strong>. Method:</strong> One hundred and ten Enterobacteriaceae isolates were cultured from different samples of patients in Intensive Care Units of two hospitals. Using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Guidelines of 2017. Carbapenemase production was determined phenotypically using Brilliance CRE agar, Carbapenem inactivation method and confirmed with Modified Hodge test (MHT). Modified Hodge test positive isolates were screened for KPC-producing <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> using boronic acid-based inhibition test. <strong>Result:</strong> Phenotypic results revealed an occurrence of 10.9% (12/110) isolates for carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae while KPC-producing <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> prevalence was 3.6% contributing 33.3% to the burden of carbapenem production. The occurrence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in this study was relatively high and KPC-<em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> had a significant contribution to the burden of CRE. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Hence, a sinewy antibiotic stewardship is needed in this regard.</span>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_106549_457c0e15bec16c1e844fe15794a09d21.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Detection of virulence genes (magA and rmpA) and resistance gene (CTX-M) in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from neonates with septicemia76778018891910.21608/mid.2021.85894.1170ENMabrouKGhonaimDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, EgyptSaharAliDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt0000-0003-3885-0388FadyEl-GendyDepartment of pediatric department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, EgyptNashwaKhamisDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, EgyptSomaAjlanDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, EgyptJournal Article20210613<strong>Background:</strong> Neonatal sepsis (NS) due to K. pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. This study aimed to study the risk factors of NS caused by K.pneumoniae in NICU in Menoufia University Hospitals and to detect rmpA and magA virulence genes and CTX-M antibiotic resistance gene. Correlation between compliance of infection control measures and occurrence of NS and its outcome were also evaluated. <strong>Methods:</strong> K. pneumoniae were isolated from blood of neonates with sepsis and studied for hypermucovicosity by string test and detection of rmpA and magA genes. ESβL production was studied by cephalosporin/clavulanate combination disks and expression of CTX-M gene groups. Hand hygiene and other infection control measures compliance were evaluated by observational and practical methods. <strong>Results:</strong> K. pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated organism (31.6%) among neonates with confirmed sepsis. Hypermucoviscous phenotype was detected by string test in 39.6% of isolates while rmpA and magA genes were found in 47.9% and 8.3% respectively. ESβL production was confirmed in 75% (by cephalosporin/clavulanate combination disk). The CTX-M gene was found among 77.8% of ESβL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates. There was a negative correlation between hand hygiene and other infection control measures compliance and occurrence of NS. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes are common among K. pneumoniae isolated from neonates with sepsis in our locality. Implementation of infection control measures and proper antimicrobial stewardship programs may be helpful to overcome this problem.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_188919_5f7072ebc92d394d536e21ae2d59cf87.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Expression of Mex AB-Opr M efflux pump system and meropenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from surgical intensive care unit78178919567810.21608/mid.2021.92720.1187ENAlshimaa L.AbdallahLecturer of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, faculty of medicine, Zagazig university, EgyptDoaa Sh.El AzawyAssistant Lecturer of Anaesthesia and ICU
Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, EgyptHeba A.MohammedLecturer of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, EgyptHanaa M.El MaghrabyAssistant Professor of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, EgyptJournal Article20210805<strong>Background:</strong> Meropenem resistance of <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)</em> is considered an increasing problem. Efflux pump is one of multiple mechanisms that are responsible for this resistance. This study aimed to phenotypically and genotypically detect prevalence of efflux pump mediated meropenem resistance among <em>P. aeruginosa</em> isolates. <strong>Methods:</strong> <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> was isolated from different clinical specimens and identified by conventional methods and confirmed by Viètek MS Malditof Mass Spectroscopy. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method then minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for meropenem was detected twice by agar dilution method without and after addition of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Efflux pump genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR). <strong>Results:</strong> Out of 265 specimens, 78 <em>P. aeruginosa</em> were isolated with an isolation rate (29.4%). By disc diffusion method and MIC by agar dilution methods, 35 (44.8%) isolates were meropenem resistant. There was a significant difference regarding distribution of efflux pump genes in meropenem resistant isolates as 23 isolates (65.7%) were positive for efflux pump genes and 12 (34.3%) were negative (<em>p < /em> value= 0.13). The MICs of meropenem for <em>P. aeruginosa isolates</em> were significantly decreased after addition of CCCP where MIC of 21 (60%) meropenem resistant isolates had an efflux pump-overexpressing phenotype (<em>p < /em> value =0.001). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> High prevalence of meropenem resistance in <em>P. aeruginosa</em> is mediated by efflux pump genes including, <em>mex A, mex B </em>and<em> opr M.</em></em></em>https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_195678_177cc8df9008e46a832dd0cec29f70d0.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum on virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound infection79079619420910.21608/mid.2021.92514.1185ENMaii AtefShams EldeenAssistant professor of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.0000-0002-4112-8866AyatElnahalAssistant lecturer at Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr-Elsheik University, EgyptAbdelreheemAdsDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine,Tanta University, EgyptMohamedElsawafDepartment of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University,EgyptSara MinaSamyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine,Tanta University, EgyptJournal Article20210804<strong>Background:</strong><em> Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>represents a major concern in nosocomial infections.<em> </em>It possesses manyvirulence factors that aid its pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance. Non-antibiotic therapy against this pathogen includes probiotics, phages, phytomedicine and other new modalities. These agents alone or in combination with antibiotics can be highly effective against these virulent strains. <strong>Objectives</strong>: To investigate the in-vitro effect exerted by the probiotic “<em>Lactobacillus plantarum” </em>on two virulence factors of <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </em>(pyocyanin pigment production and elastase enzyme activity). <strong>Methods:</strong> The study was carried out on 40 <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> strains isolated from pus collected from wound infection using sterile swabs. The effect of <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> on pyocyanin production and the elastolytic activity of <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> were detected using pyocyanin extraction method and Human Elastase ELISA Kit respectively before and after the addition of <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em>. <strong>Results</strong>: Among the forty strains investigated, the pyocyanin production and elastolytic activity of <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> isolates were significantly decreased after addition of <em>Lactobacillus plantarum.</em> <strong>Conclusions:</strong> <em>Lactobacillus plantarum </em>has an important invitro anti-pathogenic effect against <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> as it significantly interferes with two of its main virulence factors (pyocyanin & elastase).https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_194209_13f8973f678bffafe2b514bb96d482d0.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Expression of metallo-β-lactamase genes in carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from intensive care unit patients79780619994610.21608/mid.2021.97430.1196ENHanaa I.Abd El-HadyMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt0000-0002-9934-4588Amina A.AbdelhadiMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt0000-0002-8339-1929Journal Article20210903<strong>Background:</strong> <em> Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) </em>is a Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus. It causes life-threatening nosocomial infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Carbapenem-resistant <em>A. baumannii </em>are prevalent worldwide mostly caused by carbapenemase synthesis. Metallo β-lactamases (MBLs) include imipenemase (IMP), New Delhi metallo- β-lactamases (NDM) and Verona integrin metallo- β-lactamase (VIM). We aimed to investigate the prevalence of MBLs genes expression in carbapenem-resistant <em>A. baumannii</em> isolated from ICU patients as a reliable method for reducing the morbidity & mortality of these patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> Using conventional methods, 87 <em>A. baumannii</em> isolates were identified from 103 ICU patient specimens. Metallo β-lactamases were detected phenotypically in imipenem-resistant strains using a combined disc test (CDT). Real-time PCR was used to quantitate the expression of the <em>blaIPM</em>, <em>blaNDM</em> & <em>blaVIM</em> genes. <strong>Results:</strong> Imipenem resistance was identified in 82.8% of patients. Combined disc test was positive in 44.4% of imipenem-resistant isolates. For metallo-lactamases gene expression, <em>blaVIM</em> had a higher median value than <em>blaNDM</em> and <em>blaIPM</em> (0.5, 0.1 and 0 respectively). Combined disc test was found to have a statistically significant relationship with both <em>NDM</em> and <em>VIM</em> gene expression, which was considerably higher in isolates with positive CDT. Both <em>NDM</em> and <em>VIM</em> gene expression had a statistically non-significant correlation with CDT value, but their expression had a statistically significant negative correlation with CD zone of inhibition value. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The expression of <em>blaVIM</em> and <em>blaNDM</em> genes is directly correlated with the level of MBLs production and the level of these enzymes can be detected phenotypically depending on its negative correlation with the CD zone of inhibition diameter.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_199946_3c741da015a7269ed1b4d0ab868f8a55.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Evaluation of antimicrobial and synergistic effects of some medicinal plant extracts on antimicrobial resistant organisms80781819615310.21608/mid.2021.91702.1184ENAliaaGhandourMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptMonaAbdel-RahimMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptSoad Abdel LatiefBayoumiPharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, EgyptHanaa MohamedSayedPharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, EgyptOmniaEl-BadawyMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptJournal Article20210811<strong>Background:</strong> To evaluate antimicrobial activity of ten plant extracts on antimicrobial resistant organisms and investigate interactions of these extracts with antimicrobials against resistant organisms. <strong>Methods: </strong>The antimicrobial potential of ethanolic leaf extract of <em>Aberia caffra</em> Hook. f. & Harv.<em>, Azadirachta indica</em> L.,<em> Dodonaea viscosa </em>L., <em>Ficus nitida </em>L.,<em> Lanatana camara </em>L., <em>Myrtus communis</em> L., <em>Olea europaea </em>L., <em>Ruta graveolens</em>, <em>Schinus terebinthifolius</em> Raddi and <em>Vitex agnus-castus </em>L. was investigatedagainst eleven drug resistant organisms by agar well diffusion method. The interaction of these extracts with antimicrobials was assessed. <strong>Results:</strong> Ethanolic extracts of <em>Dodonaea viscosa </em>leaves had antibacterial activity against ESBL-producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> <em>(E. coli) </em>quinolone resistant <em> Salmonella typhi</em><em> (S. typhi) </em>andESBL and carbapenemase-producing <em> Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia).Schinus terebinthifolius </em>Raddi leaves showed antibacterial activity against ESBL and carbapenemase-producing <em>K. pneumoniae </em>and fluconazole resistant <em>C. albicans. Myrtus communis </em>leave extracts demonstrated activity against ESBL-producing <em>E. coli </em>and fluconazole resistant<em> A. fumigatus.</em> <em>Ruta graveolens L.</em> revealed activity against quinolone resistant <em>S. typhi</em>and fluconazole resistant<em> A. fumigatus. Vitex agnus-castus, Aberia caffra </em>Hook<em>. </em>f<em>. </em>&Harv<em>.</em>and<em>Azadirachta indica</em> L. leaf extracts had activity against ESBL-producing <em>E. coli. Olea europaea</em> L. had activity against quinolone resistant<em> A. baumannii. Ruta graveolens</em> L. and <em>Myrtus communis</em> L. were the only extracts showing synergistic effect in association with voriconazole against fluconazole resistant<em> A. fumigatus. </em><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Tested plant leaf extracts had great potential as antimicrobial agents against at least one drug resistant microorganism. Isolation of active components and further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of these products.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_196153_0fbfad62bdb13935f16260ce2d2cda6c.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Upper eyelid cutaneous leishmaniasis: Exceptional and challenging location8198229958110.21608/mid.2020.99581ENSalemBouomraniHead, Department of Internal medicine, Military Hospital of Gabes, Gabes 6000, Tunisia. Professor, Sfax Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia0000-0003-1885-7806SafaTrabelsiDepartment of Internal medicine, Military Hospital of Gabes, Gabes 6000, TunisiaJournal Article20200524Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most endemic and neglected diseases worldwide, still representing an important public health problem. Its clinical presentations are very polymorphic and sometimes very difficult to diagnose. Among the variants described as “atypical” or “unusual”, eyelids CL is exceptional with a prevalence estimated at only 0.27-0.72% in large series. In most cases, eyelids leishmaniasis is skin-limited disease, but can exceptionally cause serious ocular complications and may lead to blindness.<br /> We present an original case of isolated upper left eyelid CL in a 28-years-old Tunisian man.<br /> As rare as it is, this atypical clinical presentation of CL deserves to be well known by clinicians, and discussed in front of any palpebral lesion which does not prove itself in patient living or returning from a country endemic for this infection.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_99581_8009dec52cd0f9ffd20f42d1f19307c2.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Six years surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among febrile patients reporting in Centre de Santé d’Okala, North West Gabon82383010631410.21608/mid.2020.106314ENRichardPambaEcole Doctorale des Grandes Ecole de Libreville (EDGE), Laboratoire d Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Centre de Santé d’Okala, GabonAubin ArmelKoumbaUniversity of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Benin. Laboratoire d Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), GabonChristophe RolandZinga-KoumbaLaboratoire d Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), GabonPyazzi Obame OndoKutomyProgramme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), GabonAudrey Prisca MelodieOvonoLaboratoire d Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), GabonLorence DesiItsiembouCentre de Santé d’Okala, GabonSteve TeddyOgouliguendeCentre de Santé d’Okala, GabonSilas LendzeleSevidzemEcole Doctorale des Grandes Ecole de Libreville (EDGE), Laboratoire d Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Gabon0000-0001-5254-3347RodrigueMintsa-NguemaLaboratoire d Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), GabonJacques FrançoisMavoungouLaboratoire d Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), GabonJournal Article20200616<strong>Background :</strong> Malaria remains a threat to the health of the population of Gabon based on the high hospitalizations and deaths caused by this disease. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria in febrile patients visiting the Centre de Santé d’Okala (CSO). <strong>Methods :</strong> A six years study was conducted on febrile patients seeking for health services at the CSO from the year 2014 to 2019. Blood samples of 2388 patients were tested for antigens specific to <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> using the Beacon® rapid diagnostic kit. <strong>Results :</strong> The overall prevalence of <em>P. falciparum</em> malaria was 29.857%. The year 2014 (35.553%) recorded the highest prevalence rate. Individuals from Okala (44.137%) community recorded the highest number of cases. Females (56.886%) had higher infection prevalence than their male (43.114%) counterparts. Children ≤ 10 years old (57.412%) had the highest prevalence rates than other age cohorts. <strong>Conclusions :</strong> The number of malaria cases reported in the CSO are currently increasing and community sensitisation on preventive measures against this disease is required inorder to flatten the curve of positive cases.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_106314_43b09b5c9a04b98419770aaf135f0ed3.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of MedicineMicrobes and Infectious Diseases2682-41322420211101Correlation between thrombocytopenia and malaria infection in medical Military Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan83183512864210.21608/mid.2020.128642ENIbrahim MohammedEisaDepartment of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, ALzaiem ALazahari University, Khartoum North, SudanTayseer Elamin MohamedElfakiDepartment of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, SudanGwahir Ali NafeeMustafaB.Sc. student, department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Karary University, Omdurman, SudanIhood Imad EldinMahmoudB.Sc. student, department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Karary University, Omdurman, SudanMawada MohammedHamedB.Sc. student, department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Karary University, Omdurman, SudanNosiba AL-Tayeb AdamAL-ToomB.Sc. student, department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Karary University, Omdurman, SudanMohammed Ahmed IbrahimHolieDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, ALzaiem ALazahari University, Khartoum North, SudanMohamed MobarakElbasheirDepartment of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, ALzaiem ALazahari University, Khartoum North, SudanJournal Article20200927This study was conducted on 72 blood samples collected from patients attending in Medical Military Hospital in Omdurman province. Out of the blood samples examined, 32 were found positive for malaria infection. This constituted a prevalence rate of 44.4%. The study included 40 males. Among them, 18 were infected with malaria with a prevalence rate of 56.3%. The study also included 32 females with 14 infected with malaria constituting a prevalence rate of 43.8 %. The difference in prevalence rates was found to be statistically insignificant. The study showed that there was a negative relation between the platelet count and parasite density as the correlation coefficient (rho) was found to be (-0.376) demonstrated that when the parasite density was high the platelet was low. The study showed that there was a negative relation between the age and parasite density as the correlation coefficient (rho) was found to be -0.023 showing that the levels of parasitaemia was decreasing by age increased.https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_128642_848c6c87958d3cd543debbf94647af2e.pdf