2024-03-29T16:14:05Z
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=19260
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Continuous medical education activities; Case No. 4
Mai
Maamoun
A 19-years-old female patient was admitted to the outpatient clinic. She gave a history of urinary tract infection (UTI) 4 months preceding admission for which she was treated with oral ampicillin without complications. Five days prior to this admission, she began to complain nausea without vomiting. One day later, she developed left flank pain, fever, and chills, and increased micturition frequency. She was admitted to a general hospital. She noted foul-smelling urine on the day before admission. She was presented with a temperature of 38.8°C (To be continued..).
Urinary tract infection
beta-hemolytic
Antimicrobial resistance
2021
02
01
1
2
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_139661_2988c81ea4d495fc9565bdb510ab3d23.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Could the adverse outcomes of “seasonal influenza” vaccination in South Korea have an effect on the COVID-19 pandemic?
Siukan
Law
Albert Wingnang
Leung
Chuanshan
Xu
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that difficult to differentiate from influenza symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic has not yet finished and “seasonal influenza” will be coming from December to February. Several countries such as South Korea and Singapore were prepared for the “Flu” vaccination to minimize common influenza disease. Consequently, the COVID-19 pandemic already become a “double attack” if most people are not taken a “Flu” vaccine in the winter of this year, “seasonal influenza” will be killed at least 3,000 South Koreans. It's the same situation in other countries. People have a high risk of getting “Flu” as well as developing the COVID-19 complications, so it should be vaccinated with the seasonal influenza vaccine for prevention. Nonetheless, there is another issue that occurred in South Korea. According to the South Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) reported, it has at least 59 people died after injection of the “Flu” vaccine. Why did this happen? Did any safety issues appear in the vaccine? The “Flu” vaccine has been proven to be safe with rare side effects such as people may get Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) causing muscle weakness and paralysis which is around one in a million chance. It is very rare for anyone to have a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). Thus, people died after getting “Flu” vaccine shots, they are 60 years old or above with pre-existing health problems and chronic diseases including hypertension, heart disease, stroke, respiratory diseases, and diabetes. (To be continued)...
“Seasonal influenza”
“COVID-19” outbreak
“Flu” vaccine
2021
02
01
3
4
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_121804_83605cf1ef5f454444f1d5e02404aece.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Development of possible COVID-19 vaccine for elderly
Siukan
Law
Albert Wingnang
Leung
Chuanshan
Xu
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the USA, reported that the risk of infection with COVID-19 increases with age, especially in older adults, and those who suffered from other immune diseases or continuously taking medications. Some elderlies are immunosenescence due to the decline in an immune system’s functionality with age, thus, the COVID-19 vaccine may not be effective for them and it is big trouble. How does the COVID-19 vaccine induce robust immune responses in the elderly? In general, the number of naive T cells decreases while age increases. This makes the B cells lose their function and less attachment on the antibodies surface lead unable to defend and target the virus for destruction causing it cannot engulf the virus and nor cause inflammation to remove the infected cells. Therefore, it is not easy to develop a suitable COVID-19 for the elderly. Pawelec et al. indicated that it must have a biomarker in the elderly COVID-19 vaccine. There is an investigation of the Yellow Fever vaccination. (To be continued)...
COVID-19 vaccine
Elderly
Robust immune responses
2021
02
01
5
6
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_123471_51f90426ec01d6f9ea6ae92f87ccd429.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
The arguments of Aspirin for COVID-19 complications
Siukan
Law
Albert Wingnang
Leung
Chuanshan
Xu
Recently, a research team from the School of Medicine at the University of Maryland reported that the usage of aspirin was associated with decreased mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, reduced lung injury, and in-hospital mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. 412 patients participated in this study within three months from March to July. Patients were given a low dosage of aspirin (75-81 mg/day), only 44% of patients required to have ventilator and 43% of patients admitted to ICU, also 47% of patients decreased the death rate after COVID-19 infection. However, these investigations weren’t a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Up to the present, an important complication of COVID-19 was increased risk of blood clotting for the patients. This was an inflammatory response of at least 30% or 70% of patients in ICU for the lining of blood vessels in the cardiovascular and alveoli in the lungs. Aspirin was an anti-platelet agent which inhibited the formation of platelet by deactivating the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) and making the irreversible reaction of acetylate serine 530 to generate the thromboxane A2, called “antithrombotic effect”. It also prohibited the virus replication by suppressing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in macrophages and up-regulated the production of type I interferon. (To be continued)...
aspirin
COVID-19 complications
inflammatory response
2021
02
01
7
8
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_134368_7019345193114e770c63c282d9af0f32.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), an unusual presentation of COVID-19: A case report from Bangladesh.
Sohel
rahman
Md Reaz
Chowdhury
Arifa
Akram
Sahedul
Bhuiyan
Newly recognized pandemic infectious disease COVID19 (Corona-virus disease) is causes by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This viral infection causes hypercoagulability and inflammation leading to increase incidence of both arterial and venous thrombotic events (VTEs). Therefore patients infected with this novel virus seem to associated with higher risk of thrombotic events (TEs) resulting in thromembolic diseases, especially stroke and pulmonary embolism, or even cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). We report a case of 42-year-old female who presented with features of venous thrombotic events (extensive dural venous sinus thrombosis) and was subsequently found to have COVID-19 positive by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. The case report indicates CVST might be an unusual manifestation of COVID-19. CVST even present as initial symptoms of COV ID-19 without significant respiratory symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment with thrombolytic agent in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in reduced morbidity and mortality. we recommend further study to establish SARS-CoV-2 virus (the COVID-19 disease) as a known risk factor for CVST.
Venous thrombotic events
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
COVID19
Case Report
Bangladesh
2021
02
01
9
14
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_107763_a67661efa9a0da9ab7ee662367cc4ca9.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
COVID-19 and antibiotic resistance: Parallel pandemics and different intercessions.
Adam
Mustapha
Jamilu
Nikau
Tijani
Isa
Coronavirus virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the challenges to the global public health. With COVID-19 impacts across all sectors, the most glaring one is its impact on antibiotic resistance, another silence pandemic. Antibiotic resistance is at a crossroads of becoming a major killer and the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic aggravate the threat, due to excessive and extensive use of antibiotics in the treatment package of COVID-19 despite being a viral pneumonia and for prophylaxis to prevent bacterial co-infection. Low bacterial co-infections were associated with COVID-19, but large antibiotics were employed, this challenged the principles of antibiotic stewardship, thus, further complicate the antibiotic stewardship guidelines. This review revolves to highlight the effect of COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on bacterial co-infections as well as how it fuels the already existing silent pandemic; antibiotic resistance which is waiting to unleash its effect on public health and socioeconomic sectors. While there is increase focus on COVID-19 pandemic, the review urged that focus should not be taken off on antibiotic resistance.
COVID-19 pandemic
Antibiotic resistance
antibiotic stewardship
co-infection
viral pneumonia
2021
02
01
15
24
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_125557_3a764e90e8ddb3db44dde4f1eb9d0036.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Antibodies production in gender groups for surviving COVID-19.
hamzullah
khan
Mohammad
Arif
Anwar
Khan
farah
deeba
Abdul
Haq
Objectives: A pilot study was executed in the month of June- July 2020 in Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical complex Nowshera with aim to determine the gender protective role in term of production of neutralizing Anti SARS-COV-2 antibodies. Material and methods: A total of 39 COVID-19 patients who recovered from COVID-19 were selected. Their antibodies cut off values were measured by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay using Roche Cobas E411 Chemistry Analyzer for which commercial kits of Roche diagnostics were used as per the instructions of the manufacturer. Results: A statistically significant difference in mean post infection antibodies level was observed with higher cut off values in patient who had symptoms at time of being reported positive by PCR as compared to patient who were asymptomatic (p-value:0.04). Using Kaplan Meir it was predicted that in female gender, the probability of survival is 100% at cut off antibodies levels of 50, While a vertical drop up to less than 40% of probability of survival was predicted in male gender even at higher antibodies levels of >100, that supports the prediction of production of higher levels of antibodies in female gender in early infections. Conclusion: The female gender produces higher titer of antibodies in early infections to confer immunity in COVID-19.
COVID-19
Survival
pandemic
Anti SAR-COV-2 IgG antibodies
2021
02
01
25
28
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_133605_a206bf72f3c258d9dede6645ca59bc4f.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
The impact of health care worker’s knowledge and attitude on their COVID-19 infection risk
Mabrouk
Ghonaim
Tawfeek
Abed el-motaleb
Sania
Yehia
Ahmed
Abed El-Gawad
Fatma
Abdullah
fatma
khalil
Background: High number of losses may occur among health care workers (HCWs) who are the key contributors in the COVID-19 battle. Objectives: To explore the base-line knowledge and perception of HCWs who will join working in our Isolation Unit, correct the wrong believes and investigate their safety at the end of their quarantine period. Methods: The study was implemented on 206 HCWs [133 nurses, 28 physicians, 8 pharmacists, and 37 technicians and housekeepers] by assessing HCWʼs knowledge and attitude via on-line questionnaire, improve misconceptions via health care program prior to start their work in the unit and inspect the COVID-19 infection by laboratory and radiological investigations. The inclusion criteria were being HCWs in the Isolation Unit of COVID-19, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt for in the period from of June 10th to August 10th, 2020. Results: Base-line questionnaire results revealed good knowledge and positive attitude of HCWs towards 16-COVID-19 itemsin spite of ignoring the incubation period of the disease. There was significant positive attitude of the HCWs groups, and the total group attitude showed a significant good knowledge score. HCWs had highly significant good knowledge score and positive attitude towards the importance of training on PPE donning and doffing. Continuous health education on infection control practices and importance of social distancing during the isolation period was emphasized. At the end of the quarantine period, the infection rate was 5.8%. The HCWs with positive SARS-CoV-2 showed negative COVID-Ab results, significant changes in their C-T scan findings and lab findings. Conclusion: HCWs with goodknowledge, perception and who follow strict precautions in an Isolation Unit are the basis of success in winning the Battle against SARS-CoV aiming at keeping HCWs safety with optimum patient care and less harm to the health facilities.
Attitude
COVID-19
HCWs
Isolation Unit
Knowledge
2021
02
01
29
42
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_125285_f8bb2874d63b7059105188e9a9a76b8d.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
A retrospective study of demographic data, applied treatments and prognosis by gender in coronavirus infections
Ilhan
Yildirim
Selcuk
Yaylaci
Sibel
Sapmaz
Kubilay
Işşsever
Deniz
Cekic
Didar
Senocak
Rumeysa
Kurt
Background: In December 2019, cases of pneumonia (COVID-19) due to a new coronavirus infection (SARS-COV-2) started to appear in Wuhan City, China. It quickly spread from China to the whole world. In our study, we objective to investigate the demographic data, applied treatments and outcomes of the patients with COVID-19 that we followed in our clinic according to their genders. Methods: In this study, we included a total of 96 patients whose clinical, radiological or laboratory parameters were compatible with COVID-19 and who were hospitalised, treated and followed-up in our Internal Medicine Clinic. The demographic data, treatments and prognostic data of these patients were retrospectively recorded and analysed in order to see if there were statistically significant differences between genders. Results: The average age of all COVID-19 cases included in our study was 63.54 ± 15.8. The average age of male patients was 65.6 ± 14.44 and the one of female patients was 61.82 ± 17.1: no statistical significance was found. The number of smoking male patients was 16, and this value was found to be 3 in females, and it was statistically significantly higher in males (p <0.05). Conclusion: No significant recommandations was found between male and female patients based on their demographic data, symptoms, treatments and outcomes.
COVID-19
demographic
Symptom
prognosis
Retrospective study
2021
02
01
43
48
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_122264_95bbaa942d54f5066e1bd1b206790272.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Detection of pneumococcal carriage among under five healthy children with multiple co-colonizing serotypes with impact of Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
Moonmoon
Shormin
Samira
Afroz
S.M.
Shamsuzzaman
Negar
Sultana
Background: The distribution of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal diseases are diverse, limiting the proportion of IPD cases pneumococcal conjugate vaccine can prevent. More studies are need to estimate the rate of pneumococcal acquisition and serotype replacement following introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Methods:The study was conducted in the department of microbiology of a tertiary hospital. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected among 200 under five children from Pediatric outpatient department. Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated and identified by culture, Gram staining, biochemical test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An initial screening of the nasopharyngeal swabs were done by the primer cpsA to identify the pneumococci by monoplex PCR. Then primers that are serotype specific were used for serotyping by multiplex PCR with positive and negative control. Results: Out of 200 nasopharyngeal swabs, 67 (33.50%) were positive by culture and 92 (46%) were positive by PCR for S. pneumoniae. Out of 200 children, 90 (45%) were received PCV and 110 (55%) were not vaccinated. Among vaccinated children, 3 (12%) S. pneumoniae were detected in fully vaccinated children and 19 (29.23%) S. pneumoniae were detected in partially vaccinated children by culture. In case of PCR, 4 (16%) S. pneumoniae were detected in fully vaccinated children and 25 (38.46%) S. pneumoniae were detected in partially vaccinated children. Among not vaccinated children, 45 (40.90%) and 63 (57.27%) S. pneumoniae were detected by culture and PCR respectively .The predominant serotypes were 34F, 35B, 6A, 6B, 14, 23F, 3, 19A, 19F, 4, 18C, 7F as carriage strains. Conclusion. Children represent a consistent population of pneumococcal-naïve individuals. So, we found detection rate of S. pneumoniae and serotypes inchildren as carrier was relatively more in non-vaccinated children.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Carriage
PCV
Serotypes
PCR
2021
02
01
49
59
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_100864_65a361680a0e529d85a02d85afc1c24d.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Hepatitis B vaccination coverage rate and immune response among primary health care workers in Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sabina
Šegalo
Emina
Kiseljaković
Lejla
Berhamović
Arzija
Pašalić
Sabina
Mahmutović Vranić
Emir
Berhamović
Daniel
Maestro
Anes
Jogunčić
Aleksandra
Pašić
Background: Immunization is a key step in preventing the occupational risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection for healthcare workers (HCWs). Objective: The aim of the study was determination the hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) coverage rate among HCWs and support staff and immune response 10 years after primary vaccination.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Public Institution Health Centre of Sarajevo Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Second-generation vaccines Euvax (Sanofi Pasteur, Thailand/LG Life Sciences Ltd, Korea) and Engerix B (GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium) were applied. A level of ≥ 10 IU/L anti-HBs was set as a cut-off value indicating the presence of protective immunity against new HBV infections and successful vaccination. Results: In total, 1541 (75.80%) were fully vaccinated, out of 1126 (73.07%) were females. The median age of participans was 50.5 ± 9.4 years. Control measurement of the anti-HBs level was performed for 409 (26.54%) HCWs. During the research, 37 booster doses were administered. Of the 23 retested participants, anti-HBs ≥10 IU/L were observed in 19 (82.16%). Three non-reactors subject were revealed.Conclusions: A satisfying HepB coverage rate and a high protective rate against hepatitis B infection among HCWs and support staff was achived. These results indicate the active engagement of the institution in the implementation of preventive measures and the high level of awareness regarding the significance of immunization. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of booster doses. A low prevalence of non-reactors was revealed. Additional research with a focus on occupational risk factors in dental service is advised.
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis B vaccine
Immune Response
Health Care Workers
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2021
02
01
60
67
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_108044_24bdda8694af6cc1816dd50f7bf58bee.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Circulating microRNA-221 as a diagnostic biomarker for hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma
Awatef
Awwad
Doaa
El wazzan
Ayat
Salem
Sara
Asser
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world and the third cause of cancer-related mortality as estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO). A major risk factor for HCC development; is Hepatitis C virus (HCV). According to WHO, approximately 55–85% of patients with HCV will develop chronic hepatitis, which lead to progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis. There are no biomarkers for early detection of HCC, and most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, which is associated with poor prognosis. MicroRNAs have been reported as biomarkers for various pathologic conditions and recently HCC is one of them. Aim: Explore the potential usefulness of serum miR-221 as a diagnostic biomarker of HCV-related HCC. Methods: This study was conducted on 40 chronic HCV patients and 10 healthy control subjects. Patients were divided into two groups: HCC and cirrhosis. All patients and controls were subjected to clinical assessment and laboratory investigations in addition to the evaluation of the level of serum miRNA-221 expression by RT-PCR. Results: MiRNA- 221 showed significant fold increase in both HCC and cirrhosis (P = 0.005) when compared to normal controls. ROC curve analysis for miR-221 yielded 85% sensitivity and 40% specificity for differentiation of HCC patients from non-HCC. Conclusion: Serum miR-221 has a strong potential to serve as one of the biomarkers of early HCC development. This can modify liver carcinogenesis, and can be used to improve preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies in HCC.Key words: MiRNA; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Hepatitis C Virus
Key words: MiRNA
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis C virus
2021
02
01
68
76
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_128640_56fc0ea18f4aae342c9ce0fa4bb89717.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Assessment of gut microbiota in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Reham
Anis
Ghada
Dawa
Lobna
El-Korashi
Background: Pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an undetermined complex mechanism which include interaction between genetic, environmental and immunological factors. Recent studies suggest a possible role for gut microbiome in the pathogenesis. Objectives: To assess the alteration of fecal Bacteroids, Lactobacilli, and Prevotella genera among RA patients. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 25 patients newly diagnosed as RA (RA group) and 25 healthy controls (control group) for quantitation of Bacteroids, Lactobacilli, and Prevotella genera by real time PCR. Results: The intestinal microbiome of RA group was significantly altered. We reported a significant enrichment of the bacterial Lactobacilli genus in RA patients (16.206% vs 1.5%; P
Microbiome
Dysbiosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
DNA
Feces
2021
02
01
77
83
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_140964_b107b163d7d87f13840154499c37a477.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Applying endoluminal catheter colonization surveillance cultures in renal dialysis unit - an effort to reduce catheter related blood stream infection rate
Shereen
Ahmed
Ahmed
Mahdy
Hany
Bauiomy
Afaf
khamis
Introduction: Catheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is a common complication with the use of central venous catheters (CVC) in hemodialysis patients. The study was designed to evaluate the effect of implementation of surveillance cultures (SCs) on the rate of CRBSIs.Methodology: this prospective cohort study was done over a period of 6 months on hemodialysis patients with internal jugular vein catheters. CRBSIs rates were measured and compared in the 2 included groups, the study group (15 patients) and the control group (15 patients). In both groups, conventional infection prevention and control measures were applied. Patients in the study group were checked for intraluminal microbial colonization every 2 weeks by SCs. According to SCs results, patients were classified into 4 groups, then according to the group they were managed with antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) with or without systemic antibiotics. Results: of the collected 140 SCs from the study group, 108 (77%) were negative and 32 (23%) were positive. Eighteen cases in groups 2 & 3 received ALT and 6 patients in group 4 received ALT and systemic antibiotic. SCs succeed to eliminate intraluminal microbial colonization in all positive cases except for 1 case in group 2 and 3 cases in group 4. The CRBSI rate was 2.14 per 1,000 catheter days in the study group compared to 5.57 per 1,000 catheter days in the control group (P=0 .037).Conclusion:This study shows that the implementation of periodic SCs is associated with a significant reduction in the CRBSI rates in hemodialysis patients.
Surveillance cultures
Central venous catheter
Antibiotic lock therapy
Hemodialysis
2021
02
01
84
91
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_111646_107e3942940e7d1b47b13594ee2f9a9f.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Detection of colistin resistant Gram negative bacilli in intensive care unit patients admitted to Ain Shams University Hospitals.
Esraa
Ibrahim
Yasmin
Ahmed
Ahmed
Mohamed
Walaa
Ibrahim
Background: Colistin is the last choice for serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram negative bacteria and one of the prominent causes for spreading the resistance is Plasmid-borne Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr). Broth microdilution method (BMD) is the reference tool for Colistin MIC determination, but it has many obstacles, so commercial BMD methods had been developed that are more user-friendly than the reference method and (Liofilchem ® ComASPTM) is one of them, which we used to determine Colistin MIC in this study. Objective: to detect Colistin resistant gram negative bacilli by ComASPTM Colistin (formerly Sensi Test™Colistin) among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients admitted to Ain Shams university hospitals and to Screen the presence of mcr-1 gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Colistin resistant isolates. Methodology: This Observational cross-sectional study was performed in the Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University between June 2019 to November 2019. One hundred isolates of Gram negative bacilli were obtained from patients admitted at different Intensive Care units of Ain Shams University Hospitals. Full identification was done by conventional microbiological methods, Then MIC was measured for all isolated organisms by using commercial BMD ComASPTM colistin, PCR was done for Colistin resistant isolates to detect mcr-1 gene. Results: 60% of the Gram negative bacilli (GNB) isolates were K.pneumoniea.Colistin resistance was 14% among 100 (GNB), 35.7% of these Colistin resistant were K.pneumoniea obtained from urine samples. Prevalence of mcr-1 gene was 7.1%. Conclusion: Commercial BMD ComASPTM Colistin is simple and uncomplicated method for detection Colistin susceptibility.
Colistin resistance
mcr-1 gene
ComASPTM Colistin
2021
02
01
92
99
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_110509_41a647f2356d8d1d2ece1e0ab58516aa.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Bacterial pattern of hemodialysis central catheter associated infections in end stage renal disease patients in north eastern Egypt
Heba
Attea
Mohamed
Abdo
Rania
Kishk
Mohamed
Khedr
Background: Hemodialysis-catheter associated infections are a crucial problem for hemodialysis patients in the inpatient and outpatient venues. So, our aim was to identify bacterial pattern of hemodialysis central catheter associated infection (HD-CAI) and also study the risk factors in developing HD-CAI.Patients and methods: The study done as a cross sectional descriptive study that was conducted on 62 patients who admitted and followed in the Clinical Nephrology unit, Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt. From each patient with evidence of Catheter Related Infections (CRI), three specimens (swabs, catheter tips and blood cultures) were aseptically collected and processed in the Microbiology Department. Isolated colonies from catheter tip culture and blood culture were identified by colony morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests. The antibiotic Susceptibility Testing was performed using disc diffusion method outlined by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute depending on the isolated organism.Results: The prevalence of HD-CAI was 14.5%. It was found that 88.9% of the study participants who developed HD-CAI did not use skin antiseptics. Also the gram positive bacteria represented 88.9% of the isolated organisms, comprised mainly of S.epidermidis) representing 55.6%, followed by S .aureus in 33.3%. While, gram negative bacteria were recovered from 11.1% of the isolated organisms. All isolates of S. epidermidis and S. aureus were sensitive to Amoxicillin (100%) & Linezolid (100%), while S. epidermidis showed resistance to Cefoxitin (80%). Conclusion: The frequency of HD-CAI was 14.5% with significant relationship between usage of skin antiseptics and decreasing the chance of developing HD-CAI.
HD-CAI
S.epidermidis
S .aureus
skin antiseptics
Ismailia
2021
02
01
100
107
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_132073_9aa257825efb7714b7cbab4616f48fa8.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among health care workers at an Egyptian tertiary care hospital
Ayman
Allam
Ahmed
Fakhr
Mai
Mahmoud
Lobna
El-Korashi
Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization in health care workers (HCWs) is a major factor of nosocomial infections. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is incriminated in hospital-acquired infection. Objectives: To evaluate the colonization rates of nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA among HCWs at Al-Ahrar Teaching Hospital. Methods: We recruited 163 HCWs in a cross section study. S. aureus was identified phenotypically by coagulase, with DNase tests and genotypically by nuc gene detection. Antibiotics sensitivity was tested by disk diffusion. PCR for mecA was done to confirm MRSA identification. Results: Forty-eight S. aureus strain were isolated. The frequency of nasal colonization of S. aureus in HCWs was 29.44% (48/163), the frequency of MRSA isolates in HCWs was 27.6% (45/163), and frequency of MRSA isolates among S.aureus isolates was 93.8% (45/48). Prior infection (last 3 months) and living in crowded places increased significantly risk of MRSA nasal carriage by 29.3 and 79.59 folds respectively Conclusion: We demonstrated high rates of nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA among HCWs. Prior infection and living in crowded places were risk factors for methicillin resistance among isolated S.aureus stains.
Staphylococcus aureus
resistance
MRSA
MSSA
health care worker
2021
02
01
108
118
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_132578_2ffc7d82cdc9208710f6a834c431a295.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Presepsin, procalcitonin and C reactive protein as diagnostic biomarkers of sepsis in intensive care unit patients
Reham
El Shabrawy
Awny
Gawish
Rania
Elgabry
Fatma
Nasr
Manal
Diab
Doaa
Gamal
Background: Sepsis is a global, life-threatening health priority. Blood culture is the gold standard of diagnosis sepsis; however, it requires several days, which delays the diagnosis of the sepsis. Biomarkers could play a pivotal role in diagnosis, grading and predicting the outcome of sepsis. Objectives: were to assess the potential role of CRP, PCT and presepsin for diagnosis, grading and predict the prognosis of sepsis.Patients and methods: The study included 58 patients, 28 patients diagnosed with sepsis, and 28 ICU patients presented by different presentation but with no sepsis. For patients with sepsis, APACHE II score was calculated, Blood culture was done using BacT/Alert system, and Vitek 2 to identify bacterial isolates. For all subjects included in the study, quantitative measurement of CRP, PTC and presepsin were done using PA54 Specific Protein Analyzer, VIDAS® immune-analyzer, and PATHFAST fully automated immunoassay analyzer respectively.Results: APACHE II score positively correlated with PCT (p=0.026) and presepsin (p=0.034), but not CRP (p=0.291). Differences between cases and control group for the three biomarkers’ levels) were statistically significant (P value
Sepsis
CRP
Procalcitonin
presepsin
APACEII
2021
02
01
119
129
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_135126_425c03f8cde13c271bbe2a7d7ca59b7e.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Antimalarial chemotherapy, mechanisms of action and resistance to major antimalarial drugs in clinical use: A Review
Abdullahi
Daskum
Godly
Chessed
Muhammad
A. Qadeer
Tijjani
Mustapha
Malaria has remained the leading cause of death in children under five years of age and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa and other endemic countries. The discoveries of Antimalarial drug especially the quinolones has led to the hope that malaria might be completely eradicated from the world. However, lack of proper understanding of the mechanisms of antimalarial drug action and resistance to major antimalarials currently in clinical use has doused our hope for malaria eradication in a near future. Here, the major antimalarials in clinical use, their modes of action and resistance profiles were reviewed. While drugs such as chloroquine were banned for reasons associated with resistance and safety in some countries like Nigeria, a proper understanding of their modes of actions in the malarial parasite could pave ways for discoveries and development of novel antimalarials with similar properties and targets. Other drugs such as the antifolates are still in use as Intermittent Preventive Treatments in Pregnancies (IPTPs) and Infants (IPTIs) respectively. Resistance to these drugs is driven by mutations of the drug target (DHFR and DHPS). Although Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are widely in use in many malaria endemic areas, resisistance to these combination regimens defined as delayed parasite clearance were since reported. Four credible single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); N86Y, N1042D, S1034C, and D1246Y were detected in the Plasmodium falciparum Multidrug Resistance Transporter gene-1 (PfMDR-1 gene) and implicated for artemisinin resistance while K76T mutation in the transmembran domain of malarial parasites is associated with resistance to quinolone antimalarials.
Malaria
Antimalarial Drugs
Actions
mutations
resistance
2021
02
01
130
142
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_119514_13ab6f613e24b8c4193ab6a0038493d3.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Fungal profile of otomycosis in a sample of Egyptian patients in Zagazig university hospitals: A prospective study
Shymaa
Yahia
Alsayed
Alsayed
Ghada
mokhtar
Abstract:Introduction Otomycosis has been described as fungal infection of the external auditory canal with infrequent complications involving the middle ear .Otomycosis is challenging for both patients and otolaryngologist as it frequently requires long term treatment and follow up. Inspite of proper treatment and follow up, the recurrence rate remains high. The aim of current study is to detect the most common fungi in otomycosis patients and determine its risk factors .om 194 patients clinically diagnosed with otomycosis. Each swab is subjected to direct microscopic examination with 10 %KOH and culture on Sabroud’s Dextrose agar(SDA) and blood agar . Filamentous fungal growth is identified by macro- and micro morphological characteristics .Yeast like growth is identified by (API 20C) AUX. Results: The mean age ±SD of the patients was 24.18± 15.9 years. Males (n=106,54%), were more vulnerable to otomycosis than females (n=88, 45%). The most common presenting symptom was otorrhea and pruritus (n= 78 ,40%) with unilateral involvement being more common. The most common predisposing factor is self-cleaning (n=84 ,43%)followed by topical antibiotic ear drops with steroid use (n=30,15%). Aspergillus fumigatus was the most common fungus causing otomycosis in this study (n=70, 36%) followed by Candida tropicalis (n=28,16%). Positive fungal cultures were observed in 180 specimens (90%).Conclusion: Otomycosis is common in people with the bad habit of self -cleaning with unsterilized objects and using unnecessary steroid containing ear drops.Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida tropicalis were the most prevalent isolated fungi in otomycosis patients. Keywords : Otomycosis ,predisposing factors, otitis externa
Keywords : Otomycosis
Predisposing factors
Otitis externa
2021
02
01
143
151
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_122802_88e9815c8037eb698e232f7bcc9da253.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Evaluation of the antifungal activity of Tazarotene 0.1% gel in comparison to tioconazole 28% solution in treating onychomycosis: a clinical, microbiological and in vitro study
Amira
Abdelhamid
Zeyad
Swidan
Rania
Lotfy
Marwa
Fathi
Marwa
Soltan
Background: Onychomycosis is fungal infection of the nail units caused by dermatophytes, molds or yeasts. Onychomycosis accounts for 50% of all nail diseases, representing a significant cosmetic concern. Topical antifungals are of limited efficacy owing to their poor absorption. Tazarotene was occasionally used as an off-label treatment for onychomycosis. Aim: Based on the immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory activity of tazarotene, we aimed to test the activity of tazarotene 0.1 % gel against fungi isolated from patients suffering from onychomycosis, and comparing it to another antifungal drug of moderate efficacy, tioconazole 28%. Methods: Seventy patients with confirmed clinical and laboratory diagnosis of onychomycosis were enrolled in the study. Patients were treated with either tazarotene 0.1% gel or tioconazole 28% solution for 12 weeks. Follow-up of the patients was done after 3 months of the therapy stoppage. Determination of the onychomycosis severity based on the onychomycosis severity index and mycological studies were done at week 0 and 24. Antifungal susceptibilitytesting of tazarotene against the isolated fungi was done. Results: Tazarotene showed antifungal activity manifested by induction of a mycological cure in 25.7 % of cases; however, this effect was comparable to Tioconazole 28%. Tazarotene showed a good efficacy against Aspergillus niger in vitro. Conclusion: Tazarotene 0.1 % gel has antifungal activity comparable to tioconazole 28% solution in treating onychomycosis. They both achieved mycological cure in about 25% of cases. Aspergillus niger was the most sensitive species to tazarotene. Tazarotene could be prescribed as an adjuvant to the standard antifungals for treatment of onychomycosis.
Onychomycosis
fungal infections
Tazarotene
Tioconazole
2021
02
01
152
160
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_122941_7a0f0ed4cb4ee9194f5fbbc2ac2133a5.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Utility of polymerase chain reaction for rapid diagnosis of pediatric fungal keratitis : A comparative study with conventional mycological work up
Shymaa
Yahia
wesam
Mokhtar
sahar
hemeda
Ghada
mokhtar
Background: Fungal keratitis (FK) is a serious infection with bad complications in paediatric population. Thus, rapid diagnosis is necessary. Early diagnosis is a beneficial tool necessary for better management and prognosis of FK and also for prevention of subsequent complications such as endophthalmitis, amblyopia ,and loss of vision . In recent years, polymerase chain reaction became the predominant diagnostic method for mycotic keratitis, being frequently employed for complementing microbiological approaches.The aim of this study to determine the risk factors of paediatric fungal keratitis and evaluate the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in diagnosis by comparing its sensitivity and specificity with conventional fungal culture (the gold standard ).Methods: corneal scrapings obtained from clinical suspected patients with fungal keratitis and subjected to direct microscopic examination with 10% KOH, gram smear, fungal culture and conventional PCR using common probe to all fungi. Results: The most prominent predisposing factor for FK was ocular trauma (n=40, 57%) followed by vernal keratoconjunctivitis (n=14, 20%). Out of the 70 studied cases featuring presumed fungal keratitis, 35 were culture positive (50%), with Fusarium spp. (48.5%) and Aspergillus spp. (20%) were the predominant isolates. By comparing fungal culture (the gold standard) versus10 % KOH examination, Gram smear, and PCR were 57.1%, 28.6%, and 97.1%, respectively. Conclusion Ocular trauma and vernal keratoconjunctivitis are the most common risk factors for pediatrics fungal keratitis with Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus spp. are the most common isolated fungi. PCR is a sensitive technique for diagnosing of paediatric patients with fungal keratitis.
Fungal keratitis
PCR
Pediatric Patients
2021
02
01
161
170
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_123199_8ce298cf3eeacf8889816d27607ff040.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Evaluation of the antibacterial potential of ethyl alcohol leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum (G. Don) against five bacterial isolates
Joseph
Arogbodo
Paul
Fabowale
Innocent
Osho
Background: In contributing to solving the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance, an in- vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial potential of ethyl alcohol leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum (G. Don)against five clinical pathogenic microorganisms namely: Escherichia coli (EC), Proteus mirabilis (PM), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Salmonella typhimurium (ST).Methods: Agar well diffusion method was adopted and the exhibited zones of inhibition by the isolates were measured, and taken as the antimicrobial potential of the extract. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. Sixteen different concentrations (0.003 – 100 mg/mL) of the extract were prepared to establish the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Results: The MICs ranged between 0.006 - 0.195 mg/mL. SA with MIC of0.006 mg/mL was the most sensitive isolate to the extract while E. coli was actively resistant. PA was resistant to all the tested (control) commercial antibiotics but highly sensitive to the extractwith MIC of 0.195mg/mL. Conclusion: It was concluded that C. albidum is a medicinal plant possessing a broad spectrum antimicrobial activities and hence could be explored for the production of antibiotic by phyto-pharmaceutical establishments.
Pathogenic bacteria
C. albidum
inhibition zone
Antibiotic resistance
2021
02
01
171
176
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120715_7145afff02d89daf8ae4fc49761b84e4.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthes infection among school children in White Nile State, Sudan
Mohammed
Suliman
Abdalmoneim
Magboul
Hafiz
Mohammed
Abdelhakam
Tamomh
Zolikha
Daleel
Asim
Al ajup
Background: This a cross- sectional study was carried out in White Nile State, Sudan durin May to September 2017 to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthes infections. Methods: Urine and stool samples were collected from all participant. Urine samples were examined for ova of Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) using a sedimentation technique, whereas the stool samples were tested by using the Kato-katz technique for Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) and other intestinal helminthes. Results: Out of 347 urine samples and 336 stool samples examined, the prevalence of S. haematobium was 10% (35) and no positive cases were detected for S.mansoni. For the other intestinal helminthes, the overall prevalence was 12.2% (41), the species detected were Hymenolepis nana 11.3% (38) and Taenia species 0.9% (3). Among the different schools, the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthes in Alliya was 14.8% (17) and 16.8 %, respectively. in . In Gooz al salaam, the prevalence was 7.9% for S. haematobium and 18.5% for intestinal helminthes. Moreover, the S. haematobium prevalence was 7.6%(8) in Hagar Assalya, but no positive cases were detected for intestinal helminthes. Regarding the gender, S. haematobium infection was higher in males (6.3%) than in females 3.7%, but the females has higher intestinal helminthes 8.9%. The age group (10-13) has higher prevalence for urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthes, 7.2% (25) and 9.5 % (32), Respectively. Conclusion: The mothers education and source of drinking water were show significance regarding urinary schistomiasis and intestinal helminthic infections, meanwhile, the fathers education was not significantly correlated.
prevalence
schistosomes
intestinal helminthes
associated risk factors
Sudan
2021
02
01
177
182
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_111191_68659a9a0f09ff13963b8910b406d1fd.pdf
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4132
2021
2
1
Continuous medical education activities; Answers to Case No. 3
Ahmed
Asaad
The considerations were Listeria, Corynebactrium, Erysipelothrix and Arcanobacterium species. The isolate was catalase-negative, which rules out Corynebacteria and Listeria species. The Gram-positive card of the Vitek 2 system can identify Erysipelothrix species, which eliminated that genus. At this point, a reverse CAMP test was performed to determine if the microorganism might be Arcanobacterium hemolyticum (A. hemolyticum). Arcanobacterium hemolyticum typically inhibits the beta hemolysis of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar, hence resulting in a positive reverse CAMP test. The patient's isolate neither inhibited nor enhanced the β-hemolysis of S. aureus and was not A. hemolyticum. Additional biochemical tests were performed. The mystery microorganism is a tiny, Gram positive rod that is strongly β-hemolytic, catalase negative, ferments xylose and demonstrates no reaction on the reverse CAMP test. What is your diagnosis? (To be continued…).
Gram-positive bacilli
Pleomorphic
Catalase-negative
2021
02
01
183
185
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_145341_40bded8977cbf08bba71660206edf522.pdf