Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Thanks to authors, reviewers and readers
88
89
EN
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
Editorial Board Members
10.21608/mid.2020.120467
After successful release of the first 3 issues of <em>Microbes and Infectious Diseases</em> in 2020, we’ve received 90 submissions from different countries (<strong>Africa:</strong> Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, and Benin; <strong>Asia:</strong> Saudi Arabia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, and China; <strong>Europe:</strong> Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey, Austria; <strong>Latin America:</strong> Cuba; and <strong>Australia</strong>). Although many of our papers are still in the peer review process, we have already published 55 papers online with a 36 % rejection rate. The median time from submission to online publication is 38 days.<br /> The Editorial Board Members have worked hard to meet the goals of <em>Microbes and Infectious Diseases</em> in delivering timely decisions and maintaining publication of high-quality papers through vigorous and scientific peer review process. Besides, we believe that authors’ response to the valuable comments of our editors and reviewers is a cornerstone for impacting in the international research community.<br /> We would like to introduce our deep thanks to 65 individual reviewers who give so freely of their time and expertise to critically evaluating manuscripts for the journal. Our reviewers, like our authors, come from all over the world to maintain a wide authorship, readership and global citation activity. It is noteworthy that within the first 6 months of our journal’s age, authors and reviewers are representing over 20 countries (To be continued...).
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120467.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120467_d6f3645bff1fe2f943a55ef0b1401af3.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Continuous medical education activities; Case No. 3
90
91
EN
Ahmed
Morad
Asaad
0000-0002-1422-1117
Medical Microbiology and Immunology department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
ahmedmoradasaad@hotmail.com
10.21608/mid.2020.120153
A 25-year-old male with a history of spina bifida in the lumbar region, type II diabetes mellitus, solitary left kidney, neurogenic bladder and bowel presented to the emergency department with fever, nausea, and vomiting. On examination, there were multiple sacral ulcers, with the largest stage 4 ulcer present on the left buttock and measuring 5 cm in diameter by 5 cm deep with purulent drainage. A swab specimen of the wound from the left buttock ulcer was initially sent for culture. Following processing and incubation in the laboratory, this culture grew seven different colony-types with no predominant type. A more representative specimen was requested. The patient was subsequently taken to the operating room for debridement. Tissue obtained during this procedure from the ulcer bed was sent for culture. The specimen was cultured on blood agar and chocolate agar. The media were incubated at 35°C in 5% CO<sub>2</sub> for 24-48 hours. Following incubation, there was a predominant growth of many tiny grey colonies on chocolate agar. These colonies were small and β-hemolytic on blood agar (To be continued).
Gram-positive bacilli,Pleomorphic,Catalase-negative
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120153.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120153_a764d596995f07c9c7dc5476607ff741.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Do COVID-19 infection among patients increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease?
92
93
EN
Siukan
Law
0000-0002-0454-2048
Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong
siukanlaw@hotmail.com
Albert Wingnang
Leung
School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
albertleung@ln.edu.hk
Chuanshan
Xu
Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
xcshan@163.com
10.21608/mid.2020.46935.1073
The COVID-19 outbreak has occurred for more than ten months. Some COVID-19 complications are still unknown. Is there any long-term effect on the neurologic manifestations after COVID-19? Will the infected patient get a greater risk of Alzheimer’s disease? May the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have a long latency period in the Central Nervous System (CNS)? If this is possible, it has various non-specific inflammatory diseases that initiate and re-activate certain inflammatory or oxidative reactions in Alzheimer’s disease, but the neurological complications of COVID-19 are limited to individual cases or small case series according to several published papers.<br /> Recently, Varatharaj et al. reported the neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients who were divided into two groups, cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric. 96% of patients with cerebrovascular events are also altered with mental status in the age range from 71 to 80. The results showed 43% of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders would have a new-onset psychosis such as neurocognitive, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. (To be continued)...
COVID-19,Alzheimer’s disease,Neurologic manifestation
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120300.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120300_204557cbe3476ff1ea376ac4060127a7.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Unknown sources of COVID-19
94
95
EN
Siukan
Law
0000-0002-0454-2048
Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong
siukanlaw@hotmail.com
Albert Wingnang
Leung
School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
albertleung@ln.edu.hk
Chuanshan
Xu
Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
xcshan@163.com
10.21608/mid.2020.47386.1077
<span>COVID-19 outbreak has occurred all around the world for more than ten months. This is still not finished and unstable yet up to the present. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about a tenth of the world’s population has been infected with COVID-19. Why so many people infected and its cases are asymptomatic? Where are the unknown sources of COVID-19 come from? Does it find and identify? The government from different countries implements several public health policies including (1) Social distance rule maintains and delays the spread of COVID-19. It''s safest to avoid crowded places, limit the number of people in gatherings, and keep a distance of at least 1 m from others for preventing cross-infection as the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is human-to-human transmission in direct contact and droplets within 2 meters. (2) Personal protection equipment, e.g. face mask and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Face mask reduces the spread of the virus from people coughs, sneezes, and speaking, also prevent who are contagious and have no symptoms, or are yet to develop them. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers help to avoid getting sick and spreading germs from others. It kills 99.9% of the germ on hands 30 seconds but at least 60% purity of alcohol. Hands washing with water and soap are much better because alcohol-based hand sanitizers can’t remove other types of germs, e.g. Cryptosporidium, Norovirus, and Clostridium difficile. (To be continued)...</span>
Unknown sources,COVID-19,Social distance,Personal protection equipment
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120309.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120309_e539c3a49e3746edebdc5dd9198bb3cf.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
A Case report about clinical outcome of a 37-week pregnant woman with COVID-19 in Bangladesh
96
99
EN
Arifa
Akram
0000-0001-8829-9817
Department of virology, National Institute of laboratory medicine and referral center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
drbarna43@gmail.com
Md Shahin
Jewel
National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
mohammadshahin2021@gmail.com
Md
Haque
Sheikh Hasina National Institute of Burn & plastic Surgery, Dhaka, Bangladesh
ashraf.djmc03@gmail.com
Lubana
Akram
Resident Paediatric Gastroenterology
Deputed to BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh
lubanaakram@gmail.com
10.21608/mid.2020.34734.1031
Background: A highly pathogenic coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2 emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV). It spreads rapidly around the world. Pregnant women are at risk for COVID-19 which is more likely to have complications and even progress to severe illness. There is not enough data to determine the effect of COVID-19 infection on the fetus.<br />Case report: We report a case of 37-week pregnant woman with COVID-19 infection in Bangladesh who delivered an infant with no evidence of COVID-19 by RT-PCR. Careful transmission precautions with the infant, including contact, droplet, and airborne precautions helps us to deliver a negative baby.<br />Conclusion: This case provides an initial view of the outcome associated with pregnancy-related COVID-19 and several effective strategies for managing pregnant women with COVID-19. Although SARS-CoV-2 may increase health risks to both mothers and infants during pregnancy, intensive attention should be paid to pregnant patients.
SARS-CoV-2,pregnant woman,COVID 19, clinical features
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_102609.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_102609_5806d5957312c138b7985e025d893df1.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
COVID-19 and malaria in sub-saharan Africa: Holistic diagnostic approaches may promote effective clinical case management
100
106
EN
Rasheed
Osuolale
Makanjuola
0000-0002-1908-3438
Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
rasheedosuolal.makanjuola01@universitadipavia.it
David
Ishaleku
Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
ishalekudavid@rocketmail.com
Andrew
Taylor-Robinson
0000-0001-7342-8348
Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
a.taylor-robinson@cqu.edu.au
10.21608/mid.2020.36762.1039
Since the start of 2020 the rapidly escalating number of deaths from confirmed cases of Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 has become a major global public health concern. With the existing significant burden that malaria poses in sub-Saharan Africa, it is clear that in this low-income region the cumulative effects of SARS-CoV-2 and <em>Plasmodium</em> infections will devastate already fragile national economies. In turn, this will have a severely deleterious impact on under-resourced, overstretched and overwhelmed health care systems. The similarities in the clinical signs and symptoms of these two febrile diseases and the availability of very few COVID-19 molecular diagnostic centres might contribute significantly to the difficulties experienced in the sustainable management of these twin public health threats. Here, decentralization of validated rapid diagnostic kits for parallel testing of suspected cases of COVID-19 and malaria in health care centres is described. We argue that for both urban populations and underserved rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa the use of malaria and COVID-19 rapid tests as a dual holistic diagnostic approach in patient care settings may promote more effective control and facilitate appropriate treatment of each disease.
COVID-19,SARS-CoV-2,Malaria,Plasmodium,Diagnosis
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_105930.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_105930_4a86b53e3aaec09b115088eecd3ff79a.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Dengue outbreak during COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asian countries: overburdened the health care system
107
110
EN
MD ASADUZZAMAN
MIAH
0000-0003-2966-249X
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ENTOMOLOGY
PATUAKHALI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
DUMKI, PATUAKHALI, BANGLADESH
mamiah81@yahoo.com
10.21608/mid.2020.37717.1043
The world is now undergoing in COVID-19 pandemic. During this crisis, the increasing incidence of dengue become a further threat in multiple dengue-endemic countries of Southeast Asia. In this study, the cases of COVID-19 and dengue outbreaks, their co‐infection and co‐epidemics are reviewed. Countries like Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, and Sri Lanka have been infected highly from both of COVID-19 and dengue, simultaneously. Thus, double outbreaks of COVID-19 and dengue overwhelm the healthcare systems that have really been posed challenges to combat it. Further complications have been occurred due to co‐infection and co‐epidemics of COVID-19 and dengue. Physicians are in trouble to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment for overlapping signs and symptoms. The healthcare system is being fragile and that need to revive by taking immediate measures. An accurate identification and proper clinical treatment are vital for COVID-19 management. Besides, an effective mosquito control program is recommended to combat dengue that also help to stop co-epidemics of COVID-19 and dengue as well.
COVID-19 pandemic,Dengue outbreak,co-epidemics,health care systems
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_106517.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_106517_862ab272ed6c9be8d8dc8fa099b2474e.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
COVID-19: Probable involvement of insects in the mechanical transmission of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
111
117
EN
Rine
Reuben
0000-0001-8084-2387
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Nasarawa State Polytechnic, Lafia, Nigeria.
reubenrine@yahoo.com
Silas
Dogara
Gyar
Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
gyardogara@yahoo.com
Margaret
Danladi
Department of Microbiology, Plateau State University, Bokkos, Nigeria
matappi@yahoo.com
10.21608/mid.2020.41443.1059
Currently, the world is faced with a novel human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by a zoonotic, enveloped, single-stranded RNA novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing severe human respiratory tract infections. Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and other related coronaviruses had been reported to be mechanically transmitted by insects, no report has so far linked the human transmission of 2019-nCoV with insects. However, the survivability of 2019-nCoV on surfaces and faeces for elongated periods would undoubtedly incriminate insects as culprits in its transmission.<br />Once the faecal-oral transmission of 2019-nCoV is scientifically proven and established, the fate of insects as mechanical vectors in the transmission of this novel coronavirus would most likely constitute significant public health danger. The urgency for the prevention of the rapid and increasing global transmission of 2019-nCoV requires a holistic and multifaceted universal approach aimed at improving infection prevention and control, hygienic and sanitary measures hence, mitigating the likely culpability of insects in transmitting the novel coronavirus.
Coronavirus,COVID-19,pandemic,insect,Transmission
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_112050.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_112050_87e2e5526a22c912ce29dde27bc506c0.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Impact of climatic factors on viability of SARS-CoV-2 and transmission prospective of COVID-19: An overview
118
125
EN
Naveed
Akhtar
0000-0002-5305-7487
Department of Zoology, Government Postgraduate College Pattoki (Kasur), Punjab, Pakistan
coordinator.concordiakkc@gmail.com
Naveed
Nawaz
0000-0002-5585-4965
Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
faheem263@gmail.com
Sadaf
BiBi
Department of Biological Science, Concordia College Khudian Khas (Kasur), Pakistan
naveed.gcul@gmail.com
Muhammad
Ahmad
Department of Botany, Concordia College Khudian Khas, Pakistan
muhmmadahmad1917@gmail.com
10.21608/mid.2020.34805.1034
<span lang="EN-US">The emergence of the new coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) from exotic wild animal market in Hubei, China during the late December 2019 has spread in 250 countries and territories posing menace to health of people around the globe. Covid-19 has a great impact on public health, mortality and economy. The causing agent of Covid-19 is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to unavailability of the potential drug or treatment for Covid-19, multi factorial research is conducted to reduce its transmission. Climatic factors play a key role in regulating the transmission of the infectious diseases like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory syndrome, and influenza. So, the rate of prevalence of the infectious disease is likely to be inclined by the variation in climatic indicators. We conclude from the past and present experiences that coronavirus transmission is elevated under low temperature and high humidity and vice versa. It further infers that after three hours of incubation of SARS-CoV-2, no infectious virus could be recovered from tissue paper and printing. Smooth surfaces are found to be more favorable for SARS-CoV-2. We may infer that climatic variations greatly affects infectious disease transmission pattern. We need more to study about under laying multifaceted casual affiliation between climate and communicable diseases and employ this information to the forecast of their upcoming impact.</span>
COVID-19,pandemic,outbreak,Climatic factors
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_103186.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_103186_90cb740d19ef23c98ae9955735b0f438.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Knowledge and attitude of physicians towards 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: A cross sectional survey from Egypt
126
135
EN
Dina
M.
Ali
0000-0002-2501-8309
Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
dinaalali488@gmail.com
Mona
S.
Hamed
0000-0002-6585-159X
Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
drmonasami@yahoo.com
10.21608/mid.2020.32292.1020
<strong>Background:</strong> Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious emerging public health issue and it has been identified as a major risk to human health in 2020. Egypt has more than 100 million population, of whom in poor economic conditions and with low education levels could be vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Physicians are at the frontiers in battles against the emergence, spread, and control of COVID-19 pandemic. Research data are needed to develop evidence-based strategies to prepare health care systems to deal with the current epidemic. <strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study is to assess the level of knowledge and attitudes to COVID-19 pandemic among a group of Egyptian physicians. <strong>Methods:</strong> From March 15<sup>th</sup> to March 25<sup>th</sup>, 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey using non-probability accessibility sampling technique. The structured questionnaire was distributed online through E-mails and social networks to identify the knowledge and attitude among a group of Egyptian physicians regarding COVID-19 pandemic. <strong>Result:</strong> The study included 256 physicians. Of the participants, 48% were males 49.6% were females. The mean of total score was (19.6±2.3) out of 23 gained mainly from the social media (50.7%). About 67% of the participants heard of Coronaviruses before this pandemic, 78.5% identified other Coronaviruses. All the participants correctly identified the incubation period and 81.6% correctly identified the typical clinical symptoms. Most of the participants (97.6%) could estimate the fatality of COVID-19. Approximately 95% of the respondents knew no vaccination and 88% correctly answered that no current specific treatment for COVID-19 available. Almost all 98% of the participants knew the recommended general infection control precautions. Most of the participants showed positive attitude, about (97%) agreed that health care workers must avail themselves of all information about the COVID-19. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The finding of this survey indicating that, faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, this studied group of Egyptian physicians showed positive attitude and satisfactory knowledge about emerging COVID-19 infection. <strong> Recommendations: </strong>Although the Egyptian Ministry of Health (MOH) has taken several major steps to prepare the health care system to be ready dealing with COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to develop educational programs to ensure continuous updated knowledge of the physicians<strong>.</strong>
COVID-19,SARS-CoV-2,pandemic,Survey,Egypt
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_105738.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_105738_fc77eba603c2297906d57103e8b530d4.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Linear regression analysis showing the predictors of mortality in COVID-19.
136
139
EN
hamzullah
khan
0000-0002-8184-5691
Associate Professor
Nowshera medical college nowshera pakistan
hamzakmc@gmail.com
Khalida
Rehman
Medical Officer
Nowshera medical college nowshera pakistan
hamzullahkhan84@gmail.com
10.21608/mid.2020.37850.1046
To quantify the role of age, gender, exposure and rate of infection as predictor of mortality in COVID-19, a cross sectional study was conducted covering 219 patients who were tested positive out of 554 suspects in Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex Nowshera, Pakistan. Linear regression analysis was used as statistical tool. We observed that the positive contact history/exposure has been shown to have strong predictive value for mortality due to Covid-19 <strong><em>(β=0.394**,ΔR²=0.011, p=0.001).</em></strong> Similarly age>60 years and rate of infection were also a strong predictor of mortality with interaction values of <strong><em>(β=0.389**,ΔR²=0.046, p=0.001)</em></strong> and <strong><em>(β=0.431**; ΔR²=0.005, p =0.03)</em></strong> respectively. Gender as such is not a statistically significant predictor in mortality due to COVID-19. We concluded that using this regression analysis: the age of patients and positive exposure irrespective of gender statistically predicts the mortality in COVID-19.
Linear Regression,Predictor,mortality,COVID-19
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_109282.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_109282_feb2300cfb248d316dc08eb5bb53845a.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
COVID-19 in a Nigerian university: Modelling the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 on an average university Campus.
140
152
EN
Shuaibu
Adeiza
0000-0002-9293-2600
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria
suleykestler2@gmail.com
Gazali
Mohammed
Shuaibu
0000-0002-9799-6347
3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
shuaibuozovehe@gmail.com
Umar
Abdulraheem
0000-0001-8330-0890
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
umarraheem100@gmail.com
Abdulmalik
Bello
Shuaibu
0000-0001-7684-2472
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
abdulmalik.shuaibu@udusok.edu.ng
10.21608/mid.2020.44314.1066
Background: Currently, the world is overwhelmed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a highly virulent virus that causes influenza-like symptoms. University administrators are confronted with challenges concerning coronavirus preparedness and response for the resumption of safe campus activities. This study is aimed at assisting Nigerian Universities in COVID -19 preparation and response. Methods: We adopted the SEIR deterministic model to appraise the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among University staff and students, and evaluated the breadth of non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies required to safely return its community to campus. The model was parameterized to fit the resident on campus situation. The frequencies of viral screening and testing, probabilistic sensitivity analysis of model parameter was explored in this study. Results: Weekly COVID -19 screening reduced the cumulative incidence by 15% and 55.7% among university staff and students respectively. PCR testing delay of 2-,3-,4-and 7 days reduced overall semester incidence by 65.7%, 56.9%, 50.8% and 34.4% among students; 23.5%, 22.8%, 20.5% and 16.9% among university staff. Conclusion: Our simulations have revealed that extensive testing of on-campus community population may be required to curb disease explosion. While cases of hospitalization and deaths may occur, community import of COVID -19 can be curtailed with effective testing, isolation, contact tracing and quarantine. A cost-effective solution such as pool testing was proposed in this study to decrease the overall resources needed for comprehensive on-campus testing.
COVID-19,rRT-PCR,Contact tracing,Modelling
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_117787.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_117787_3f45066ba742bb910b97e2dde7732e2f.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Hospital antibiotic stewardship interventions in low and middle income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
153
167
EN
Rehab
El-Sokkary
0000-0002-8135-7671
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
rehab_elsokkary@yahoo.com
Ahmed
Asaad
0000-0002-1422-1117
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
ahmedmoradasaad@hotmail.com
10.21608/mid.2020.27164.1004
<strong>Background:</strong> In low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), infectious diseases burden and increased rates of antimicrobial use, make the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AS) an indispensable choice. The study aimed to demonstrate the characteristics of AS interventions and to assess their impact on antibiotic, economic and clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients in LMICs. <strong>Methods:</strong> data from studies reporting the efficacy of hospital AS interventions and their impact on antibiotic, economic and/or clinical outcomes across LMICs were collected and interpreted. The data from the same outcomes were pooled and analysed using a random-effects meta-analysis model. <strong>Results:</strong> The antimicrobial consumption showed a 14.8% reduction (95% CI: 3.02 to 1.82, <em>I<sup>2</sup></em>: 94.8%, p < 0.001). No evidence of small-study effect across studies was detected (Egger’s regression: 3.2, p-value 2-tailed: 0.12). The antimicrobial consumption was decreased by 1.1% (95% CI: 1.34 to 0.54, <em>I<sup>2</sup></em>: 97.3%, p < 0.001). The implementation of AS has led to decrease in antimicrobial cost of 2.4% (95% CI: 1.47 to 1.27, <em>I<sup>2</sup></em>: 92.6%, p < 0.001). The mean hospital length of stay was reduced by 19.1% (95% CI: 5.99 to 0.61, <em>I<sup>2</sup></em>: 97.7%, p < 0.001). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> All the investigated interventions succeeded to positively affect the targeted outcomes. Education was not underscored as an AS intervention, with complete absence of behavioural elements. Antimicrobial exposure/use/consumption is the most commonly used outcome indicator. For economic and LoS concerned studies, more data is needed to provide a stronger business case to encourage investing in AS. Limited data on AS interventions in LMICs entails urgent attention.
Antibiotic use,educational strategies,antibiotic stewardship,resistance,Infection control
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_87976.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_87976_39e39f9d7e096997f4ec9d1341e9a4df.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Egyptian medicinal plants and bacteriophages
168
181
EN
Raghda
Hafez
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
raghdahafez2017@gmail.com
Gamal
El-Didamony
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt.
eldidamonyg@gmail.com
Entsar
Wagih Abd Elkader
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt.
entsarwagih@yahoo.com
Ahmed
Said Elazzoni
Histology and Histochemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
dralahmedazzouni@gmail.com
Osama
Mohammed Basha
Internal Medicine and Gastroscopy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
adhaam_bic@hotmail.com
Abdel Monem
Mohamed
Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt.
gamse5@hotmail.com
Heba
A.
Mohammed
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
hebadiab2005@gmail.com
10.21608/mid.2020.29154.1009
Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of gastric infections worldwide. Due to antibiotic resistance and adverse effects, phytotherapy and phage therapy have been a research focus as an alternative therapy for H. pylori infection. Objectives: To assess the medicinal plant extracts and bacteriophages as a treatment of H. pylori infection. Methodology: Thirty five gastric biopsies were cultured for H. pylori isolation. Screening of medicinal plants extract efficiency was done by Disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of extracts were assessed. In vivo effect of Punica granatum peel extract was tested by bacterial density and histopathology in rats. Sewage water samples were screened for H. pylori specific bacteriophages. Single plaque isolation technique was used for phage purification. Results: Ten out of 35 (28.57%) patients had positive gastric biopsy for H. pylori by culture. Four out of 10 (40%) isolates were resistant to all antibiotics. Inhibitory effect of Rosemarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, Rhus coriaria and Ammi visagna on H. pylori was detected. Punica granatum extract was the most efficient in vitro. In vivo, Punica granatum peel extract caused significant reduction of bacterial density (P
Helicobacter pylori,antibiotics,Medicinal Herbs,bacteriophage,Egypt
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_92878.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_92878_e4c93c52fb05dd4c291bdc76129c4479.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
The incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in community acquired pneumonia among children: one centre study
182
189
EN
Ayman
Allam
0000-0002-6726-089
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
egyayman66@yahoo.com
Khalid
Salah
Pediatrics Department, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
aahussinn@medicine.zu.edu.eg
Dina
Shokry
Pediatrics Department, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
egyaymanallam@gmail.com
Islam
Abdulla
Pediatrics Department, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
tasneema_2004@yahoo.com
Shymaa
Yehia
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
shymaa_80@yahoo.com
Noha
Hammad
0000-0002-9400-7822
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
nmhammad@medicine.zu.edu.eg
10.21608/mid.2020.29736.1012
<strong>Background</strong><em>: Mycoplasma pneumonia</em>e (<em>M</em><em>. pneumonia</em>e) is an important cause of pediatric community acquired pneumonia (CAP). <strong>Aim</strong>: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of <em>M</em><em>. pneumonia</em>e in pediatric community acquired pneumonia and to determine the most frequent clinical findings of <em>M</em><em>. pneumonia</em>e CAP. <strong>Methods</strong>: A total of 83 pediatric CAP patients were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, chest X-ray, CBC, CRP and serum antimycoplasma pneumonia IgM and IgA by ELISA. <strong>Results</strong>: Twenty-nine (34.9%) out of 83 patients were positive for <em>M. pneumonia</em>e Ig M while 2 (3.4%) patients were positive for <em>M. pneumonia</em>e Ig A. There were more infection (54%) in age group (5-9 years; p value = <0.001). <em>M. pneumoniae</em> pneumonia infected patients were presented with cough (29/29; 100%), fever (29/29; 100%), malaise (18/29; 43.8%), headache (16/29; 33.8%), wheeze (21/29; 52.5%), chest discomfort (13/29; 44.8%), sore throat (13/29; 46.4%), rhinitis (8/29; 27.5%) and pharyngitis (6/29; 24%). The most frequent X ray findings in <em>M. pneumoniae</em> pneumonia was air space pneumonia (71%); segmental more than lobar form (p-value = < 0.0001). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The findings of this study highlight the clinical significance of <em>M pneumoniae</em> in pediatric community acquired pneumonia.
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae,pneumonia,Community Acquired Pneumonia
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_91921.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_91921_372e5891971aa819fa32f2dc1fd7cf0b.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
The Relation between Class I Integrons and Multidrug-Resistance in Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli Isolates.
190
198
EN
Yara
Elsayed
Marei
department of medical microbiology and immunology, faculty of medicine, suez canal university, Ismailia, Egypt
yarayara253@hotmail.com
Asmaa
Bakeir
Hamady
0000-0001-2345-6789
department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
asmaabakeir@yahoo.com
10.21608/mid.2020.29894.1013
Background: The emergence and development of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains is due to inappropriate use of antibiotics and horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. The MDR strains of E. coli are highly associated with the presence of integrons; also, extended-spectrum beta lactamase producing isolates are usually resistant to various antibiotics. This study aimed to determine the incidence of class 1 integrons and its association with drug resistance in ESBL producing E. coli isolated from patients who were suffering from UTI. <br />Methods: this study was conducted on 232 hospitalized patients with UTI, from which 160 E. coli strains were isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and screening for ESBL production were performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller- Hinton agar. Confirmation for ESBL production was performed by combined disc diffusion test. All MDR ESBL producing E. coli isolates were examined by conventional PCR for the presence of intI1 gene and related gene cassettes.<br /> Results: One hundred sixty E. coli strains (69 %) were isolated from 232 hospitalized patients. The highest percentage of resistance was to azetronam (92%) followed by ceftazidime and cefotaxime (90%) then ciprofloxacin (79 %). seventy two E. coli isolates (45%) were found to be ESBL producers and out of them, 61 isolates (84.7 %) were MDR. Out of the 61 MDR ESBL-producing isolates, class I integron was identified in 56 isolates (91.8%). <br />Conclusion: our findings indicate high prevalence of class 1 integrons and gene cassettes suggests possible risk for the dissemination of resistance genes and the spread of MDR bacteria
E. coli,Urinary tract infection,multidrug resistance,extended-spectrum beta lactamase,class I integron
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_95601.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_95601_8edde8a485ee6e725122bde4a0ea3ded.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Comparison of different techniques and stains for direct diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis
199
208
EN
Eman
Mostafa
Parasitology Department , Faculty of Medicine , Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
emanmostafa81@gmail.com
shimaa
Samir
Hassan
Zoology Department , Faculty of Science, Zagazig University.Egypt
sh_samir2009@yahoo.com
Mohamed
Ahmed
Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
mohsamir2016@yahoo.com
10.21608/mid.2020.33288.1026
<strong>Background:</strong> The aim of <em>Trichinella</em> inspection is to reliably detect larvae in meat at levels which are capable of causing human trichinellosis. Trichinoscopy is a rapid, cost effective but is less sensitive in detection of low muscle larvae (ML)numbers. Artificial digestion is more convenient, and flexible, but may destroy immature larvae<strong>.</strong> Baermann technique may enhance the efficiency of diagnosis. Giemsa and Leishman stains provide identical contrasting coloration as Hematoxylin and Eosin (H-E) with the both advantages of that they can be used for staining non-histological sectionsand rapid preparation.The primary aim of the study was to compare the efficiency of digestion and Baermann techniques for detection of ML in muscles. Secondary aim was detection of ML by Geimsa and Leishman stain and their comparison with routinely used stain H-E. <strong>Methods:</strong> Muscles from 36 mice orally infected with <em>Trichinella spiralis</em> encysted larvae were examined. Larvae from 1 g samples of different muscles were recovered by digestion and Baermann techniques after different dose of infection. Muscle samples were prepared for staining with Giemsa, Leishman and H-E.<strong> Results</strong>: Number of larvae recovered by Baermann was higher recovered by digestion method (<em>P </em>˃0.5). Leishman stain was the best stain for rapid detection of ML after 30 min followed in validity by Geimsa then H-E. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Baermann concentration technique showed higher sensitivity than digestion method. Leishman stain is superior to Giemsa stain as it takes less time. Both stains are considered good alternative to H-E for rapid and easy diagnosis of trichinellosis in post-mortem animals.
Baermann method,digestion method,experimental trichinosis,Giemsa stain,leishman stain
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_100635.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_100635_0c014dfc76f14c5dcca170178e06b17a.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Efficacy of olibanum and propolis medicinal extracts versus metronidazole in Giardia lamblia experimentally infected mice
209
220
EN
Asmaa
M. Farouk
Al-Ghandour
0000-0002-3876-6576
Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
asmaamfarouk@gmail.com
Hytham
K.
Ahmed
Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
hythamkamala@gmail.com
Amal
E.
Salem
0000-0003-4340-4200
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
amal_salim_2011@yahoo.com
Al-Sayed
M.
Tealeb
Department of pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
sayedtealeb@yahoo.com
Rasha
M. S. M.
Mohamed
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
rashasabry2008@yahoo.com
Asmaa
Mohammed
Yousef
Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
asmaa_yousef2012@yahoo.com
10.21608/mid.2020.47108.1075
Giardiasis is a common intestinal infection, recently included by the World Health Organization in the ‘Neglected Diseases Initiative’. Despite the efficacy of nitroimidazoles; the main antigiardial chemotherapeutics, adverse effects and resistance enforced developing non-chemical alternatives. The present study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of ethanol extract of olibanum (OL), propolis (PR), and their combination versus metronidazole (MTZ) against G. lamblia infection. Sixty Swiss male albino mice were randomly divided into 6 groups; 10 mice each,: Group I: normal control (non-treated; non-infected). Group II: infected with G. lamblia cysts, non-treated. On the 6th day postinfection (dPI), the remaining 4 infected groups were treated orally with: Group III: (OL). Group IV: (PR). Group V: combination of (OL+PR). Group VI: (MTZ). These mice were subjected to direct parasitological diagnosis of Giardia trophozoite in intestinal exudate, immunochromatographic test for antigen detection and histopathological studies. After 7 days therapy, complete clearance of Giardia trophozoites were in the combination of (OL+PR) and MTZ groups therapy. Lower percentages of reduction (91%) & (83%) were recorded in PR and OL-treated groups, respectively. Histopathological examination showed marked healing of intestinal mucosa using non-chemical combination and different degrees of dysplasia using MTZ, while partial healing was observed using olibanum and propolis separately. Olibanum, propolis and their combination were proved to enhance the clearance of Giardia trophozoites; with progressive improvement of the histopathological changes of jejunal mucosa, making good non-chemical alternative antigiardial therapeutics sidestepping the obstacles of metronidazole like dysplasia and teratogenicity.
Keywords: G. lamblia,olibanum,Propolis,histopathology,immunochromatography
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120587.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120587_ae139ed90f318fa996f391a58b7d3272.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Continuous medical education activities; Answers to Case No. 2: Exposure to a suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case
221
225
EN
Rehab
Hosny
El-Sokkary
0000-0002-8135-7671
Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
rehab_elsokkary@yahoo.com
10.21608/mid.2020.120103
Healthcare workers (HCWs)’ risk evaluation enables early detection of HCWs at high risk of exposure to Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), strengthen the need for HCWs to self-monitor fever and other symptoms and stop work while ill, and limit the development and distribution of COVID-19 inside healthcare facilities by healthcare personnel. We had previously presented five clinical scenarios. In each, a different risk exists. For each of the five cases we asked to identify: Who is at risk? What is this risk category? What should the HCWs do after identifying the risk? Whether there are any considerations in limited resources settings or not. Answers are provided in this forum on the basis of currently available data and are subject to change as new knowledge becomes available. It is therefore necessary to update the COVID-19 data on an ongoing basis.
COVID-19,Risk,Infection control
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120103.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120103_c19f925f753f8fbd319db188ee756db7.pdf
Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine
Microbes and Infectious Diseases
2682-4132
2682-4140
1
3
2020
11
01
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial pathogens causing Surgical Site Infections in an Egyptian University hospital.
226
237
EN
Wafaa
Metwally
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
drwafaa.salah@yahoo.com
Rania
Aamir
0000-0002-3677-5209
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
rania_aamir80@yahoo.com
10.21608/mid.2020.45255.1069
<strong>Background:</strong> Surgical site infections (SSI) are a common type of health care associated infections. The emergence of multidrug resistant nosocomial pathogens represents a major heath burden. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of isolation and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial pathogens causing SSI in Zagazig University Hospitals. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Samples obtained from the infected surgical wounds were subjected to microbiological identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The role of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenmases in bacterial resistance to some antibiotic were evaluated. <strong>Results:</strong> The most frequently isolated species were S. aureus (31%) followed by Klebseilla pneumoniae (22%), E. coli (15%), P. aeruginosa (11%), Coagulase negative staphylococci ( CoNs) (8%) , Proteus spp (7%) and Acinetobacter spp (6%). Methecillin resistance was detected in 38 (97 %) and 8 (80 %) S. aurues and CoNs isolates, respectively. Among Gram negative organisms, 65.8% of isolates were ESBL producers, of which 60% were Carbapenem resistant. Metallo-β-lactamase was detected in 30% of Gram negative isolates. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 50 isolates (68.5%) where extensively drug resistance (XDR) occurred in 23 (31.5%) of Gram negative isolates. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Most of Gram-negative isolates were MDR or XDR. Antibiotic therapy of SSI must be guided by microbiological culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Infection prevention and control practices need more improvement. Rationalisation of antibiotic prescription must be carried out. Post discharge surveillance of SSI needs to be considered<br />.
site infections,Carbapenem resistance,MRSA,MDR,ESBL
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120102.html
https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_120102_c23b361911e15acc257cbd68fd1db3c2.pdf